2019 Venezuelan protests
2019 Venezuelan protests | |||
---|---|---|---|
Part of 2014–present Venezuelan protests and the Venezuelan presidential crisis | |||
![]() ![]() ![]() Top to bottom, left to right: Protesters gathered in Caracas on 23 January. Juan Guaidó beside supporters during the first open cabildo. Protesters in Caracas during the second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro. | |||
Date | 10 January 2019 (2019-01-10) – 16 November 2019 (2019-11-16)[1] | ||
Location | ![]() | ||
Caused by |
| ||
Goals |
| ||
Resulted in | Maduro remains in power | ||
Parties | |||
| |||
Lead figures | |||
Others: | |||
Casualties | |||
Death(s) | 107+[3][4][5] as of March 2019 | ||
Injuries | 500+[6][4] as of February 2019 | ||
Arrested | 956[3] (at least 77 children)[7] as of February 2019 |
The 2019 Venezuelan protests were a collection of protests that were organized, since 11 January, as a coordinated effort to remove Nicolás Maduro from the presidency. Demonstrations began following Maduro's controversial second inauguration, developing into a presidential crisis between Maduro and National Assembly president Juan Guaidó. The protests also included counter-demonstrations organized by those who support Maduro.
The protests partially resumed early in 2020, but were suspended due to the arrival of COVID-19 to Venezuela.
National protests
The Wall Street Journal reported in a March 2019 article entitled "Maduro loses grip on Venezuela's poor, a vital source of his power" that slums are turning against Maduro and that "many blame government brutality for the shift".[5] Foro Penal said that 50 people—mostly in slums—had been killed by security forces in only the first two months of the year, and 653 had been arrested for protesting or speaking against the government.[5]
There have also been rival demonstrations in support of the Bolivarian Revolution, Maduro's government and against foreign intervention.
Retired general Hugo Carvajal—the head of Venezuela's military intelligence for ten years during Hugo Chávez's presidency, who served as a National Assembly deputy for the United Socialist Party of Venezuela and was considered a pro-Maduro legislator,[8] "one of the government's most prominent figures"—said that Maduro orders the so-called "spontaneous protests" in his favor abroad, and his partners finance them.[9]
Nicolás Maduro's inauguration
Many Venezuelans did not support the inauguration of Maduro, and held protests across the nation and in the capital city, Caracas.[10] Several cacerolazos were reported across Caracas, including near to where Maduro was being sworn in. Maduro supporters demonstrated separately.[11][12] Before the inauguration, the opposition had called on the people to protest during the inauguration, with one protest co-hosted by students led by Rafaela Requesens and Guaidó's Popular Will party, blocking off a road near UCV.[13]
Open cabildos
Treated as a form of peaceful protest, several open cabildos were held in January 2019. The first of these was on 11 January, held by Guaidó.[14] In the streets of Caracas people gathered to support him.[15]
January
In anticipation of the protests on 23 January, other violent protests occurred. On 21 January there was a small-scale attempted military mutiny seen as a failed coup.[16] There were 27 soldiers who kidnapped security and stole weapons, trying to march on Miraflores, who fought with and were apprehended by authorities in the early hours. People in the local area continued the fight, protesting and burning things in the street even as tear gas was deployed.[17][18] Colectivos killed a non-protesting woman in her own doorway,[19] and five others were injured.[20]
According to Venezuelan journalist Francisco Toro for The Washington Post, protests broke out in working-class Caracas neighbourhoods on January 22, which until then had supported Maduro.[21] These resulted in the death of a 16-year-old boy by gunshot.[20][22] Other protests happened in the large Bolívar state, where three people were killed[23] and a statue of Hugo Chávez set alight and broken in half before the head and torso were hung like a trophy from a public bridge.[24][25]
23 January
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/23_Jan_2019_protest_against_Maduro.jpg/220px-23_Jan_2019_protest_against_Maduro.jpg)
Announced at the 11 January open cabildo, a series of protest marches drawing crowds which were reported by The Economist, The Wall Street Journal editorial board, and Yeshiva World News from hundreds of thousands to millions of Venezuelans,[26][27][28] 23 January protests – on the anniversary of the 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état that overthrew dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez – were the flagship event hoping to force Maduro to step down. United States Vice President Mike Pence sent a video of support to the nation on this day.[25][29] Similarly, Juan Guaidó and his wife Fabiana Rosales sent separate videos to the military of Venezuela, asking for them to "not shoot at us".[29][30]
Before the protest began, the Venezuelan National Guard used tear gas on gathering crowds at other locations.[25] Another area of the capital was blocked off at Plaza Venezuela, a large main square, with armored vehicles and riot police on hand before protesters arrived.[31] Photographic reports showed that some protests grew violent, resulting in injuries to both protesters and security.[32] By the end of the day, at least 13 people were killed.[33]
Cofavic interviewed witnesses who said that special forces killed five youths who had attended protests supporting the opposition.[5]
During the evening hours, President of the Constituent Assembly Diosdado Cabello called on Maduro supporters to hold a vigil surrounding Miraflores Palace, though no one attended the event.[34]
The Redes Foundation denounced in the Colombian Public Ministry that armed groups made up of National Liberation Army members and FARC dissidents, supported by the Bolivarian National Police and FAES officials, killed two Venezuelans, Eduardo José Marrero and Luigi Ángel Guerrero, during a protest in the frontier city of San Cristóbal, on Táchira state. Other protesters were injured during the shooting.[2]
A few days later, Michelle Bachelet of the United Nations expressed concern that the violence during the protests could spiral out of control, and requested a UN investigation into the security forces' use of violence.[35]
February
External images | |
---|---|
![]() | |
![]() |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marcha-Caracas-02-02-2019-Juan-Guaido-Presidente-Interino-Venezuela-112.jpg/220px-Marcha-Caracas-02-02-2019-Juan-Guaido-Presidente-Interino-Venezuela-112.jpg)
On 2 February opposition demonstrations filled the Las Mercedes Avenue [es] in Caracas.[36][37] The theme of the protests was to demand the entry of humanitarian aid into Venezuela,[38] with hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans participating to show support for Guaidó.[39] According to La Patilla, which provided satellite images, Maduro supporters participated in smaller counter-demonstrations on the same day at the same time.[38]
At least 285 were injured and 14 were killed in the clashes on 23 February 2019.[4]
March–April
Guaidó "took to the streets" to question Maduro's governance during the first two days of a nationwide blackout. According to The New York Times, "Maduro did not address the nation and his public silence has fed the tension gripping Caracas".[40]
Protests against Maduro in Caracas and other cities were called for 9 March, and went on despite the closure of the Caracas Metro and the lack of social media. The rally headed by Guaidó, took place near the presidential palace in Miraflores; The Washington Post labeled the manifestation as "unusual" as it was held in a sector usually associated with Maduro supporters. Heavy police presence blocked the streets with anti-riot shields.[41]
Call for Operation Freedom
Guaidó announced on 16 March that he would embark on a tour of the country to organize committees for what he called "Operation Freedom" (Spanish: Operación Libertad) with the goal to claim the presidential residence, Miraflores Palace.[42] From the first rally in Carabobo state, he said, "We will be in each state of Venezuela and for each state we have visited the responsibility will be yours, the leaders, the united, [to] organize ourselves in freedom commands."[42]
During the second wave of nationwide blackouts, Guaidó summoned new protests that would precede a decisive massive rally through Caracas. According to Guaidó, the goal of the protests is to increase political pressure, but rehearsals are needed as the operation cannot be organized "from one day to the next”.[43] Thousands of Venezuelans participated in a rally on 30 March, against the recurring blackouts.[44] Guaidó toured around Miranda state and Caracas giving several speeches.[45] Anti-riot police used tear gas against several opposition groups in areas where the Maduro supporters were active.[45] Cacerolazos were reported in Caracas after blackouts resumed on Saturday night.[46] The next day, protests against the lack of electricity and water occurred in Caracas and other cities. Some of the protests occurred close to the presidential palace.[47] Maduro called again on the colectivos, asking them to “to defend the peace of every barrio, of every block”.[48] Videos circulated on social media showing colectivos threatening protesters and shooting in the streets;[47] two protesters were shot.[48] On Sunday night, police fired at protesters after they set burning barricades.[49]
On 6 April, rallies were called by Juan Guaidó in more than 300 points around the country.[50] Tens of thousands of Venezuelans denounced the lack of electricity and protested against Maduro's presidency, who they hold responsible for the economic crisis.[51] Guaidó met the protesters at the main rally in El Marqués district of Caracas.[51] In Maracaibo, the second largest city of Venezuela, protests were dispersed by police forces with tear gas and rubber bullets.[51] El Nacional reported how tear gas was thrown from helicopters.[52] Two lawmakers were also briefly detained in Maracaibo.[51][52]
The same day, Maduro called a rival march. Thousands of protesters, mostly state workers, met at the center of Caracas. Maduro called for "understanding [that] we are in a true electrical emergency, a true national emergency.”[51]
In a public speech on 19 April in Caracas, Guaidó called for a "definite end of the usurpation" and the "largest march in history" on 1 May.[53]
Guaidó continued to rally around the country for support. Armed forces and Maduro supporters have sometimes used roadblocks to avoid Guaidó's arrival to other cities.[54] On 27 April, Guaidó had to cancel a rally in Barquisimeto because he was unable to get there.[54]
30 April
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/2019_Venezuela_uprising_-_Guaid%C3%B3_speaking.png/350px-2019_Venezuela_uprising_-_Guaid%C3%B3_speaking.png)
On 30 April 2019, Leopoldo López—held under house arrest by the Maduro administration—was freed on orders from Guaidó.[55] The two men, flanked by members of the Venezuelan armed forces near La Carlota Air Force Base in Caracas, announced an uprising,[56] stating that this was the final phase of Operation Freedom.[57] Guaidó said: "People of Venezuela, it is necessary that we go out together to the street, to support the democratic forces and to recover our freedom. Organized and together, mobilize the main military units. People of Caracas, all to La Carlota".[56]
Maduro was not seen during the day,[58] but he appeared with his Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López on that evening's televised broadcast,[59] and announced he would replace Manuel Ricardo Cristopher Figuera, the Director General of Venezuela's National Intelligence Service, SEBIN, who had broken with Maduro during the uprising.[60]
By the end of the day, one protester had died,[61] and López was at the Spanish embassy,[62] while 25 military personnel sought asylum in the Brazilian embassy in Caracas.[63] CNN reported that the "uprising faltered, having apparently failed to gain the support of senior members of the Venezuelan military".[64]
May
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Operaci%C3%B3n_libertad%2C_1_de_mayo.jpg/220px-Operaci%C3%B3n_libertad%2C_1_de_mayo.jpg)
Thousands to tens of thousands of supporters showed up for demonstrations on 1 May for Guaidó.[65][66][67][a] Guaidó's call for the largest march in history did not materialize and his supporters were forced to retreat by security forces using tear gas. Colectivos fired on protesters with live ammunition, and one protester was shot in the head and killed.[61][67] Human Rights Watch "said it believed that security forces fired shotgun pellets at demonstrators and journalists".[68] Guaidó acknowledged he had received insufficient military backing,[68] but added that "Maduro did not have the support nor the respect of the Armed Forces",[69] and called for strikes beginning on 2 May, with the aim of a general strike later in the month.[67]
In the pro-Maduro counter rally, most supporters were from the public sector and many were brought from the interior of the country by bus.[67] The Washington Post reported about 500 supporters,[66] while The New York Times reported "thousands".[67]
As of 2 May, there were 230 wounded in the protests,[70] 205 arrests,[70] and four dead.[71] The Supreme Tribunal of Justice issued an arrest warrant for López on 2 May, who exited the gates of the Spanish Embassy, to speak with reporters, saying that Maduro's days are numbered.[72] Maduro appeared at an army base to praise the loyalty of the forces.[73]
On 4 May, Guaidó organized a peaceful march that was aimed to encourage more FANB defectors. The opposition leader later acknowledged that this march (including previous protests) did not have a sufficient outcome, and that he had "overestimated military support".[74] During an interview with The Washington Post, Guaidó stated that he would consider a U.S. military intervention should the time arise.[75][76]
On 11 May, Guaidó organized another march in Caracas, with a turnout of around a thousand Venezuelans.[77][78] During the rally, Guaidó asked his ambassador appointed to the United States, Carlos Vecchio, to start a dialog with the US Southern Command.[79]
The Venezuelan Observatory of Social Conflict (OVCS - Spanish: Observatorio Venezolano de Conflictividad Social), registered 1541 protests in the country during the month of May. As of June, OCVS and Provea have registered 60 protesters killed in rallies in the last five months.[80]
June–July
Hundreds protested in front of the United Nations office in Caracas during the 22 June, the last day of the visit of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) chief, Michelle Bachelet.[81] Mostly denouncing the human rights abuses carried out by Maduro administration, including extrajudicial killings, political arrests and detained journalists.[81] Gilber Caro–a National Assembly member who was arrested in April and was released two days before the visit[82]–joined the crowd.[83] Protesters invited Bachelet to visit Maracaibo, a city that has collapsed under constant blackouts, fuel shortages and problems with security and health services.[83] One of the chants during the protests included “Maduro is Pinochet”, referring to Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, who jailed and tortured Bachelet and members of her family, killing her father.[83] Some protesters held signs calling for the release of Juan Requesens, arrested in August 2018.[81]
After three months of cooking gas shortages in La Fría, Táchira, a local protest broke out on 2 July. According to witnesses, officers fired at the crowd without warning. The 16-year-old Rufo Chacón, a bystander, was permanently blinded after being hit by over 52 buckshot pellets to his face at point blank range. Two police officers were investigated for injuring Chacón and attacking other protesters.[84][85]
Guaidó called for nationwide protests to challenge Maduro's military parade on the Fifth of July, the independence day of Venezuela. A few thousands joined the rally in Caracas and marched to the DGCIM headquarters where days later a navy captain Rafael Acosta Arévalo was tortured to death. According to Guaidó's team, security forces were present on 15% of the 89 anti-Maduro demonstrations. No clashes were reported. Students, family and members of the clergy were present.[86][87]
The president of the 2017 Constituent National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, held a rally in Caracas in opposition to the OCHR report. His supporters describe the report is inaccurate and biased.[88]
A small demonstration was carried out in front of the UN office in Caracas on 15 July, to protest against the DGCIM for their torture against detainees.[89]
November
In November, Guaidó called for the return of the protests.[1] On 16 November, nationwide rallies were carried out with a turnout of thousands of supporters in Caracas and in Maracaibo.[b][1] "Today, tomorrow and Monday — we will be in the streets", said Guaidó in his speech in the Altamira district in Caracas, mentioning the 18 days of protests that prompted Bolivian president Evo Morales to resign during 2019 Bolivian political crisis.[1] Guaidó guided his supporters to the Bolivian embassy.[1] The rallies were peaceful, anti-riot security forces covered the perimeter without throwing any tear gas canisters.[1] According to reports, protest participation had a low turnout compared to earlier in the year.[90][91][92]
The Maduro administration organized a counter-protest in the center of Caracas in solidarity to Evo Morales.[1] Thousands of Morales' Venezuelan supporters wearing red shirts arrived in buses.[1] Maduro did not participate and only addressed the crowd through state TV.[1]
December
In a December poll by Venezuelan pollster Meganalisis, those surveyed were asked if they would go to the streets if Guaidó or the National Assembly called for protests.[93] According to respondents, 84.8% would not protest, 10.9% would protest and 4.2% were unsure if they would protest.[93]
Abroad
During the presidential crisis, the United States government ended diplomatic relations with the Nicolás Maduro administration and recognized Juan Guaidó as the acting president of Venezuela. On 10 April, after the Maduro administration retired his diplomats from the embassy of Venezuela in Washington, activists from Code Pink, a US anti-war group, received keycards from the diplomats and moved into the building. The group secured all entrances with chains and locks. Carlos Vecchio, Guaidó's ambassador appointed to the US, tried to gain access to the building. The US government considers the embassy as property of Guaidó's interim government. For several days, pro-Guaidó protesters gathered outside the building trying to prevent the US activists from continuing to occupy the building. Clashes in May 2019 between US activists of the group and Venezuelan demonstrators resulted in arrests on both sides.[94] US authorities issued an eviction notice on the group on May 14.[95] The four remaining activists were removed from the embassy by US authorities on 16 May.[96]
At the end of July 2019, some members of Code Pink that occupied the embassy visited Venezuela during the Foro de São Paulo. Maduro posed for pictures with the group and rewarded them with gifts, including a book on Simón Bolívar and a replica of Bolivar's sword.[97]
See also
- Protests against Nicolás Maduro
- La Salida
- 2014 Venezuelan protests
- 2017 Venezuelan protests
- 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
- List of protests in the 21st century
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, Scott (16 November 2019). "Venezuela's Guaidó leads thousands in anti-Maduro protest". Associated Press. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Denuncian que guerrillas colombianas causaron muerte a venezolanos durante manifestaciones contra Maduro". Infobae (in Spanish). 25 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ a b "Brutal represión del régimen de Maduro ha dejado 43 asesinados y 956 detenciones arbitrarias desde el #21Ene". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- ^ a b c "Más de 285 heridos y 14 asesinatos por represión del régimen de Maduro este #23Feb, estima informe de la OEA". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 23 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
- ^ a b c d Luhnow, David (19 March 2019). "Maduro loses grip on Venezuela's poor, a vital source of his power". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
- ^ Croucher, Shane (24 January 2019). "Venezuela latest: Clashes claim lives as Russia backs Maduro and U.S. "stands ready to support" opposition leader". Newsweek. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "Venezuelan attorney general orders Guaidó investigation as crisis deepens". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- ^ Dube, Ryan and Kejal Vyas (21 February 2019). "Venezuelan Official Breaks With Maduro; Hugo Carvajal, the former military-intelligence chief, pledges support for opposition leader Juan Guaidó and says humanitarian aid should be let into the country". Wall Street Journal – via ProQuest. Also available online.
- ^ Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Casey, Nicholas (21 February 2019). "Venezuela's Ex-Spy Chief Rejects Maduro, Accusing Leader's Inner Circle of Corruption". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
- ^ Ariza, Alma (10 January 2019). "VIDEO | Venezolanos repudiaron la juramentación de Nicolás Maduro". El Pitazo (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 January 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "cacerolas sonaron en las inmediaciones del TSJ tras juramentación de Maduro [+Video]" (in Spanish). Versión Final. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
- ^ "Reportan cacerolazos en Caracas mientras Nicolás Maduro es juramentado" (in Spanish). Informe21. 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
- ^ "Movimiento estudiantil protestó contra la juramentación de Maduro". El Nacional (in Spanish). 8 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "El Tiempo | Venezuela | Asamblea Nacional se declaró en emergencia y convocó a cabildo abierto | El Periódico del Pueblo Oriental". eltiempo.com.ve (in Spanish). Global Host. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ^ Guaidó, Juan (11 January 2019). "Juan Guaidó: Me apego a los artículos 333, 350 y 233 para lograr el cese de la usurpación y convocar elecciones libres con la unión del pueblo, FAN y comunidad internacional". Asamblea Nacional (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ^ Phillips, Tom (22 January 2019). "Venezuela claims it has foiled attempted military uprising". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela Puts down Mutiny by National Guard Unit". Voice of America. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela 'foils national guard rebellion' against Maduro". BBC News. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ "Mujer fue asesinada en la puerta de su casa por un colectivo en Cotiza". El Nacional (in Spanish). 21 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ a b "Dos muertos y cinco heridos dejan nuevas protestas contra gobierno de Maduro". El Caracol (in Spanish). 23 January 2019. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ Toro, Francisco (23 January 2019). "Venezuelans take to the streets again. Could democracy be won this time?". Washington Post. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela: la oposición informa sobre un joven muerto en las protestas contra Maduro". La Voz de Interior Argentina (in Spanish). 23 January 2019. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Four dead in clashes ahead of Venezuela protests: Police, NGO". Business Standard India. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ Zuñiaga, Maria (23 January 2019). "Opposition launches protests to oust Maduro as U.S.-Venezuela tensions rise". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ a b c "Venezuelans heed call to hit the streets with Maduro under pressure". Bloomberg.com. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Revolt in Venezuela". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
Will this be the moment that Venezuelans finally reclaim their democracy? Millions dared to hope on Wednesday as they poured into the streets of Caracas and other cities to demand the resignation of dictator Nicolás Maduro in favor of the president of the National Assembly, 35-year-old Juan Guaidó.
- ^ "The battle for Venezuela's future". The Economist. 2 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
On January 23rd at least 1m Venezuelans from across the country took to the streets demanding Mr Maduro step down
- ^ "Trump Recognizes Opposition Leader as Venezuela's President as Millions Protest". Yeshiva World News. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ a b "Deaths as Venezuela protesters gather". BBC News. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ Herrero, Ana Vanessa (23 January 2019). "Opposition Leader Declares Himself Venezuela's President in Direct Challenge to Maduro". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ Daniels, Joe Parkin (23 January 2019). "Venezuela protests: thousands march as military faces call to abandon Maduro". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela protests as two leaders vie to be president – in pictures". The Guardian. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "Reportan 13 fallecidos tras últimas protestas en todo el país #23Ene". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 23 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "Militantes del PSUV dejaron solos a Maduro y a Cabello en la vigilia del Palacio de Miraflores". El Cooperante (in European Spanish). 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Pineda Sleinan, Julett (25 January 2019). "Bachelet pide investigar muertes en protestas y plantea diálogo inmediato en Venezuela". Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "Guaidó exhibe músculo en la calle con una multitudinaria manifestación en Caracas". Europapress (in Spanish). 2 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
- ^ León, Ibis (2 February 2019). "Chavismo empieza a concentrarse en avenida Bolívar de Caracas este #2Feb" (in Spanish). Efecto Cocuyo. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
- ^ a b "Estas contundentes FOTOS satelitales demuestran que la "marcha" de Maduro fue microscópica". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 4 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Casey, Nicholas (2 February 2019). "Venezuelans Opposed to Maduro Pour Into Streets for Day of Protests". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
Hundreds of thousands of Venezuelan opposition supporters poured into the streets on Saturday, heeding a call from their leaders to stage another day of peaceful protests against President Nicolás Maduro's authoritarian rule in hopes of capitalizing on international pressure to force him from power
- ^ "Venezuela blackout, in 2nd day, threatens food supplies and patient lives". New York Times. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (9 March 2019). "Anti-Maduro demonstrators jam Venezuelan streets despite blackouts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Guaidó anuncia la creación de comités por la libertad para pronto 'ir a Miraflores'" [Guaidó announces the creation of freedom committees to soon 'go to Miraflores']. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). 16 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ^ Phillips, Tom; Torres, Patricia (27 March 2019). "Venezuela: opposition leader promises final push against Maduro amid new blackout". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ Deisy Buitrago; Shaylim Valderrama (31 March 2019). "Venezuelans rally to protest chronic power outages". Reuters. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ a b Jorge Rueda; Christopher Torchia (31 March 2019). "Venezuela's rival factions rally as power struggle persists". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ "Vecinos de Caracas tocan cacerolas este sábado luego de apagón". El Nacional (in Spanish). 30 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ a b Torchia, Christopher (1 April 2019). "Venezuela's Maduro announces power rationing amid outages". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
- ^ a b Phillips, Tom (1 April 2019). "Venezuela: Maduro calls on armed groups to keep order amid electricity rationing". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
- ^ Valderrama, Shaylim (1 April 2019). "Venezuela's Guaido pledges more protests over power, water shortages". Reuters. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
- ^ "Guaidó lidera "Operación Libertad" y señala que intervención militar es "prematura" según aliados". La República. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Vivian Sequera; Deisy Buitrago (6 April 2019). "Venezuelans rally to demand power, water and end to Maduro". Reuters. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Desde helicóptero lanzaron bombas lacrimógenas a manifestantes en Zulia". El Nacional (in Spanish). 6 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ Quintero, Luisa (19 April 2019). "Guaidó convoca a 'la marcha más grande de la historia' para el 1° de mayo" [Guaidó calls for 'the largest march in history' for 1 May] (in Spanish). Tal Cual Digital. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ^ a b "Guaido cancels western Venezuela rally after 'dictatorship' blocks..." Reuters. 28 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ^ Smith, Scott and Christopher Torchia (30 April 2019). "Clashes rock Venezuela as Guaido urges opposition uprising". Associated Press. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Guaidó le habla a Venezuela desde la Base Aérea La Carlota (VIDEO)". La Patilla (in Spanish). 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ Sequera, Vivian and Angus Berwick (30 April 2019). "Venezuela's Guaido calls on troops to join him in uprising against Maduro". Reuters. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ Hansler, Jennifer (30 April 2019). "Pompeo claims Russia stopped Maduro leaving Venezuela for Cuba". CNN. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela's Maduro appears with defense minister after uprising". Reuters. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ^ Chamberlain, Samuel (30 April 2019). "Head of Venezuela's secret police breaks with Maduro". FOX News. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ^ a b Zuñiga, Mariana (30 April 2019). "Venezuela's Maduro denies Pompeo's claim that he sought to escape to Cuba after day of clashes that left 1 dead, dozens hurt". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ "Leopoldo López se refugia en la Embajada de España" (in Spanish). ABC International. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ^ "Últimas noticias de Venezuela, en vivo: Chile confirma que Leopoldo López está en su Embajada en Caracas" [Latest news from Venezuela, live: Chile confirms that Leopoldo López is in their Embassy in Caracas]. El Pais (in Spanish). 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ^ Guy, Jack (3 May 2019). "Venezuela's Leopoldo Lopez says he met generals during house arrest". CNN. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ a b Tom Phillips (2 May 2019). "Venezuela: US doing everything short of 'the ultimate', says Trump as protests continue". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ a b c Zuñiga, Mariana (2 May 2019). "After uprising falls short, Venezuela's opposition tries to regain momentum against the government". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Casey, Nicholas (1 May 2019). "Rival protests grip Venezuela after Guaidó's failed effort to beckon military". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ a b Berlinger, Joshua (2 May 2019). "As Guaido admits he needs more military support, Trump warns of worse to come in Venezuela". CNN. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela: Juan Guaidó asegura que "Maduro no tiene el respaldo ni el respeto de las fuerzas armadas"" (in Spanish). BBC. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ a b "Venezuelan rights group says 4 dead in clashes amid opposition call for uprising". CBC News. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ "Represión en Venezuela dejó al menos cuatro fallecidos en dos días de protesta" [Repression in Venezuela leaves four dead in two days of protests]. NTN24. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ Weddle, Cody (2 May 2019). "Venezuelan opposition leader Leopoldo López remains hopeful". Local 10. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela crisis: Defiant Maduro appears with soldiers". BBC. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ Connelly, Eileen AJ (5 May 2019). "Venezuela's Juan Guaidó says he overestimated military support". New York Post. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ "Military support overestimated in failed uprising, says Guaidó". Australian Financial Review. 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ Faiola, Anthony; Post, The Washington (5 May 2019). "Guaidó says opposition overestimated military support before failed uprising". StamfordAdvocate. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ "Solo unos 1.000 manifestantes acudieron a la convocatoria de Guaidó en Caracas". El Comercio. 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ Scott Smith (11 May 2019). "Venezuela's Guaidó asks for relations with US military". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela's Guaido seeks U.S. Pentagon cooperation to solve political crisis". Reuters. 11 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ^ "En mayo ocurrieron 1.541 protestas en el país". El Nacional (in Spanish). 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ a b c Laya, Patricia (20 June 2019). "Protests Erupt in Caracas During Venezuela Visit by UN's Bachelet". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela frees jailed opposition lawmaker ahead of U.N. rights chief's visit". Reuters. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
- ^ a b c Smith, Scott; Goodman, Joshua (22 June 2019). "UN human rights chief appeals for dialogue in Venezuela". Associated Press. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
- ^ Polanco, Anggy (3 July 2019). "Venezuelan teen blinded by police rubber bullets at protest". Reuters. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ Gibbs, Stephen (4 July 2019). "Youth blinded by police firing on Venezuelan fuel protesters". The Times. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ Smith, Scott (5 July 2019). "Maduro shows military might in Independence Day celebration". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ "On Venezuelan independence day, Maduro calls for dialogue as Guaido slams 'dictatorship'". Reuters. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ Torchia, Christopher (13 July 2019). "Venezuelan authorities arrest 2 Guaidó security guards". Associated Press. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ Torchia, Christopher (15 July 2019). "Venezuelan government, opposition resume talks in Barbados". Associated Press. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ "Venezuela: Thousands take to the streets of Caracas for rival protests | DW | 16.11.2019". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ^ "'Missed his moment': opposition corruption scandal undermines Venezuela's Guaido". Reuters. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ^ "After Venezuelan opposition call for mass rallies, street protests underwhelm". Reuters. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ^ a b "Encuestadora Meganalisis - 2 DE DICIEMBRE 2019". www.encuestadorameganalisis.com. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
- ^ Marissa J. Lang (2 May 2019). "We're not going to leave': Three arrested, activists face dwindling supplies on Day 3 of Venezuelan Embassy protests in D.C." The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
- ^ "Activists at Venezuela Embassy served with eviction notice". The Washington Post. 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ^ "Police forcibly remove activists living in the Venezuelan Embassy in Washington". Washington Post. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- ^ Lang, Marissa J (1 August 2019). "Activists who occupied Venezuela's embassy in Washington honored at ceremony in Caracas". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)