Cinnyris
Cinnyris | |
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Male Splendid sunbird, C. coccinigastrus | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Nectariniidae |
Genus: | Cinnyris Cuvier, 1816 |
Type species | |
Certhia spendida[1] = Certhia coccinigaster Shaw, 1811 | |
Species | |
See text |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Palestine_sunbird_%28Cinnyris_osea_osea%29_male.jpg/220px-Palestine_sunbird_%28Cinnyris_osea_osea%29_male.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Souimanga_sunbird_%28Cinnyris_sovimanga_apolis%29_male.jpg/220px-Souimanga_sunbird_%28Cinnyris_sovimanga_apolis%29_male.jpg)
Cinnyris is a genus of sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia. They are generally known as double-collared sunbirds because the fringe of their bib usually includes a band of contrastingly coloured feathers.[2]
The sunbirds are a group of very small Old World passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.
Taxonomy
The genus Cinnyris was introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1816.[3] The type species was designated as "Certhia splendida Shaw" by George Robert Gray in 1855.[4] This taxon is a junior synonym of Certhia coccinigaster described by John Latham in 1801. This is now the splendid sunbird.[5][6][7] The name Cinnyris is from the Ancient Greek κιννυρις (kinnyris), an unknown small bird mentioned by Hesychius of Alexandria.[8]
It is suspected that the genus is polyphyletic and the positions of many are unresolved:[9][10]
Species
The genus contains 63 species:[6]
Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
![]() | Olive-bellied sunbird | Cinnyris chloropygius | African tropical rainforest. |
![]() | Tiny sunbird | Cinnyris minullus | African tropical rainforest. |
![]() | Eastern Miombo sunbird | Cinnyris manoensis | central and eastern Africa |
Western Miombo sunbird | Cinnyris gertrudis | western Africa. | |
![]() | Southern double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris chalybeus | southern Africa. |
Neergaard's sunbird | Cinnyris neergaardi | Mozambique and South Africa | |
Rwenzori double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris stuhlmanni | south central Africa | |
Whyte’s double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris whytei | Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania. | |
Prigogine's double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris prigoginei | Democratic Republic of the Congo. | |
![]() | Ludwig's double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris ludovicensis | Angola, northern Malawi, and northeastern Zambia |
![]() | Northern double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris reichenowi | Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Sudan, and Uganda |
![]() | Greater double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris afer | southern South Africa. |
![]() | Regal sunbird | Cinnyris regius | Uganda to Tanzania |
Rockefeller's sunbird | Cinnyris rockefelleri | Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
![]() | Eastern double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris mediocris | Kenya and northern Tanzania |
Usambara double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris usambaricus | Kenya and northeast Tanzania | |
Forest double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris fuelleborni | East Africa. | |
Moreau's sunbird | Cinnyris moreaui | Tanzania | |
![]() | Beautiful sunbird | Cinnyris pulchellus | Senegal and Guinea in the west to Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya |
Loveridge's sunbird | Cinnyris loveridgei | Tanzania. | |
![]() | Marico sunbird | Cinnyris mariquensis | Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe |
Shelley's sunbird | Cinnyris shelleyi | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. | |
Hofmann's sunbird | Cinnyris hofmanni | eastern Tanzania | |
Congo sunbird | Cinnyris congensis | Democratic Republic of the Congo. | |
![]() | Red-chested sunbird | Cinnyris erythrocercus | Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. |
![]() | Black-bellied sunbird | Cinnyris nectarinioides | Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania. |
![]() | Purple-banded sunbird | Cinnyris bifasciatus | Angola, Botswana, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Eswatini, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. |
![]() | Tsavo sunbird | Cinnyris tsavoensis | Kenya and Tanzania. |
Violet-breasted sunbird | Cinnyris chalcomelas | Kenya and Somalia. | |
![]() | Pemba sunbird | Cinnyris pembae | Pemba Island, in Tanzania. |
![]() | Orange-tufted sunbird | Cinnyris bouvieri | Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia. |
![]() | Palestine sunbird | Cinnyris osea | Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa |
![]() | Arabian sunbird | Cinnyris hellmayri | Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. |
Shining sunbird | Cinnyris habessinicus | Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda. | |
![]() | Splendid sunbird | Cinnyris coccinigastrus | tropical Africa. |
![]() | Johanna's sunbird | Cinnyris johannae | African tropical rainforest. |
![]() | Superb sunbird | Cinnyris superbus | African tropical rainforest. |
Rufous-winged sunbird | Cinnyris rufipennis | Tanzania. | |
Oustalet's sunbird | Cinnyris oustaleti | Angola, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia. | |
![]() | White-bellied sunbird | Cinnyris talatala | Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. |
![]() | Variable sunbird | Cinnyris venustus | Africa. |
![]() | Dusky sunbird | Cinnyris fuscus | Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. |
Ursula's sunbird | Cinnyris ursulae | Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea | |
Bates's sunbird | Cinnyris batesi | Central Africa. | |
![]() | Copper sunbird | Cinnyris cupreus | Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. |
Purple sunbird | Cinnyris asiaticus | South and Southeast Asia | |
![]() | Olive-backed sunbird or Garden sunbird | Cinnyris jugularis | The Philippines |
![]() | Apricot-breasted sunbird | Cinnyris buettikoferi | Indonesia |
Flame-breasted sunbird | Cinnyris solaris | Timor | |
![]() | Souimanga sunbird | Cinnyris sovimanga | Madagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands. |
![]() | Seychelles sunbird | Cinnyris dussumieri | Seychelles |
![]() | Malagasy green sunbird | Cinnyris notatus | Comoros and Madagascar. |
![]() | Humblot's sunbird | Cinnyris humbloti | Comoros. |
Anjouan sunbird | Cinnyris comorensis | Comoros | |
Mayotte sunbird | Cinnyris coquerellii | Comoros. | |
![]() | Loten's sunbird | Cinnyris lotenius | India and Sri Lanka. |
Tukangbesi sunbird | Cinnyris infrenatus | Wakatobi Islands, Indonesia | |
![]() | Ornate sunbird | Cinnyris ornatus | Mainland Southeast Asia, Samatra, Java, Borneo and the Lesser Sunda Islands |
![]() | Sahul sunbird | Cinnyris frenatus | Sulawesi to the Solomon Islands and northeast Australia |
Palawan sunbird | Cinnyris aurora | Palawan and Busuanga Islands, Philippines | |
South Moluccan sunbird | Cinnyris clementiae | Maluku Islands, Indonesia | |
Flores Sea sunbird | Cinnyris teysmanni | Flores Sea islands, south of Sulawesi | |
Mamberamo sunbird | Cinnyris idenburgi | north New Guinea |
References
- ^ "Nectariniidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ Macdonald, J. D. (1959). "Old and New Lines in Taxonomy". Ibis. 101 (3–4): 330–334. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1959.tb02389.x. ISSN 1474-919X.
- ^ Cuvier, Georges (1816). Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Déterville. p. 411.
- ^ Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 19.
- ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 223.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
- ^ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ Warren, Ben H; Bermingham, Eldredge; Bowie, Rauri CK; Prys-Jones, Robert P; Thébaud, Christophe (2003). "Molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western Indian Ocean sunbirds (Nectarinia: Nectariniidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (1): 67–85. Bibcode:2003MolPE..29...67W. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00063-0. PMID 12967608.
- ^ Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Fjeldså, Jon; Hackett, Shannon J.; Crowe, Timothy M.; Fleischer, R. C. (2004). "Systematics and biogeography of double-collared sunbirds from the eastern arc mountains, tanzania". The Auk. 121 (3): 660–681. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0660:sabods]2.0.co;2. S2CID 86592887.
Other sources
- Barlow, Wacher and Disley, Birds of The Gambia ISBN 1-873403-32-1
- Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, Birds of India ISBN 0-691-04910-6
- Robson, Craig A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand ISBN 1-84330-921-1
- Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; Tarboton, Warwick (2002). SASOL Birds of Southern Africa. Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-721-6.