Ewuakpe

Ewuakpe (r. 1700–1712) was the twenty-sixth Oba of Benin. Originally known as Idova, he was enthroned following his father Akenuzama's abdication due to old age. His ascension was intended to circumvent a prophecy by Ewuare the Great that foretold governmental upheaval under an Oba named Idova. However, his early rule faced resistance, with key figures and the general populace of Benin distancing themselves from palace activities and ceasing to provide necessary support for its operations. This led Ewuakpe to depart from Benin City and reside in Ikoka, the village of his mother, where he experienced additional adversity and engaged in humble tasks. The root of this widespread disapproval was traced back to a violent act he ordered during his mother's funeral. In a time of hardship, Ewuakpe sought the chiefs' support through traditional music and entreaty. A significant shift occurred when Iden, his spouse, consented to a ritual sacrifice to the gods, which resulted in the restoration of Ewuakpe's authority. This act influenced the chiefs to reaffirm their loyalty, thereby reinstating Ewuakpe's leadership. Following this event, Ewuakpe initiated reforms and strengthened his hold on power, which had a lasting impact on the kingdom's governance.

Ewuakpe's period as the Oba of Benin commenced with resistance from the chiefs and citizens.^[1] Their absence from palace gatherings and refusal to provide essential services necessitated Ewuakpe's retreat to Ikoka, his mother's village.^[1] In Ikoka, he faced adversity and undertook basic tasks.^[1] This hostility was a consequence of his actions during his mother's funeral, which had led to significant loss of life and subsequent discontent.^[1] Facing hardship, Ewuakpe appealed to the chiefs for support with traditional music.^[1] A critical turn of events occurred when Iden, his wife, agreed to be sacrificed to the gods, an act that resulted in the restoration of Ewuakpe's rule.^[1] This event prompted the chiefs to renew their support, leading to the reinstatement of his leadership.^[1] Ewuakpe then initiated reforms to enhance the kingdom's stability and ensure the loyalty of his subjects.^[1] These efforts laid the foundation for the kingdom's subsequent stability and growth.^[1]

During Ewuakpe's rule, he initiated several reforms.^[1] He commenced trade with the Dutch, which contributed to the kingdom's economy and supported the royal art guilds.^[2] The period also marked the beginning of hereditary titles for official positions, adjusting the balance of power between the Oba and the high chiefs.^[2] An altarpiece in Berlin depicts Ewuakpe's return from exile, reflecting the changes of that time.^[2] Additionally, there was a reorganisation of the military, with Ode appointed as Iyase, leading the army.^[3] Despite early disputes with the Iyase and other chiefs, agreements were made that strengthened the monarchy.^[3] These actions during Ewuakpe's reign contributed to the long-term stability and development of the Benin kingdom.^[3]

Ewuakpe's rule as the Oba of Benin is noted for constitutional changes.^[1] He implemented a succession law that established the right of the firstborn son to succeed the throne, a practice that persists in the Benin constitution.^[1] After his death, his second son, Ozuere, defied this law, leading to a civil dispute.^[4] Despite support from Iyase Ode, Ozuere's attempt at rule was short-lived.^[4] He fled to Uhen (Ise) after seeking refuge with his maternal uncle, Ejima of Okeluhen, where he died shortly after.^[4] Akenzua I, Ewuakpe's eldest son, then ascended the throne, maintaining the royal lineage.^[1] During his reign, Ewuakpe faced and overcame various challenges, reinforcing his rule through strategic reforms.^[1] These reforms had a lasting impact on the political and social structure of the Benin kingdom,^[1] contributing to its continuity and stability.^[1] Ewuakpe's tenure is recognised for its influence on the governance of Benin.^[1]

• Egharevba, Jacob (1968). A Short History of Benin. CMS Press. ISBN 9789781212390.
• Plankensteiner, Barbara (2007). Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. Snoeck. ISBN 978-90-5349-626-8.
• Bradbury, Robert Elwyn (2018). Benin Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-03124-0.
• Osadolor, Osarhieme Benson (2001). The military system of Benin kingdom, c. 1440-1897 (Thesis). University of Hamburg, Germany. OCLC 248739742.