John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)

The Right Honourable The Earl of Mar KT
Secretary of State for Scotland
In office 1707–1709
Monarch	Anne
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry
In office 1713–1714
Monarch	Anne
Preceded by	The 2nd Duke of Queensberry
Succeeded by	The 1st Duke of Montrose
Jacobite Secretary of State
In office 1716–1724
Monarch	James Francis Edward Stuart
Preceded by	The 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
Succeeded by	John Hay, Duke of Inverness
Personal details
Born	1675 Scotland
Died	May 1732 Imperial city of Aix-la-Chapelle, Holy Roman Empire
Spouse(s)	Lady Margaret Hay ​ ​ (m. 1703; died 1707)​ Lady Frances Pierrepont
Children	Thomas Erskine, Lord Erskine
Parent(s)	Charles Erskine, Earl of Mar Mary Maule
Military service
Battles/wars	Jacobite rising of 1715 Battle of Sheriffmuir

John Erskine, 23rd and 6th Earl of Mar and 1st Duke of Mar KT (1675 – May 1732), was a Scottish nobleman and a key figure in the Jacobite movement. He held the title of the 23rd Earl of Mar from the earldom's first creation and was the sixth earl in its seventh creation (of 1565).^[1] Erskine, often remembered for his political adaptability, navigated the complex and shifting landscape of early 18th-century British politics.

As the eldest son of Charles, the 22nd and 5th Earl of Mar, Erskine inherited estates that were facing financial challenges.^[2] In 1714, following the ascension of George I, he found himself without official office and subsequently championed the Jacobite cause. He raised an army to contest the Hanoverian rule, leading his forces at the Battle of Sheriffmuir in November 1715. Despite having a numerical advantage, the battle concluded inconclusively. After the subsequent event at Fetteresso, Erskine sought refuge in France, where he spent his remaining years.

Mar's involvement in the Jacobite uprising led to a Writ of Attainder for treason in 1716, a mark of his deep commitment to his cause. This attainder was posthumously reversed in 1824. Erskine died at Aachen in exile in 1732, leaving behind a legacy intertwined with the turbulent and transformative history of Scotland and the United Kingdom during the early 18th century.^[3]

The Mormaerdom of Mar, one of Scotland's seven ancient provinces or kingdoms, was historically governed by a Mormaer, an ancient Pictish title analogous to an Earl. This title, indicative of a high-ranking noble status second only to the monarchy, was held by the rulers of Mar, a region in ancient Pictish society.^[1]

The House of Mar is recognized as one of Scotland's oldest noble houses, with its origins tracing back to at least the 11th century. The earldom has a storied history involving Celtic and feudal traditions, making it one of the most ancient hereditary titles in the British Isles.^[4][5][6] It has direct ties to the Kingdom of Mar, which was among the nine established Pictish Kingdoms. Initially, the leaders of Mar were known as 'mormaors', a term signifying their elevated position in Pictish society. By the onset of the 10th century, this title evolved into the more familiar Saxon title of 'earl'. Ruadrí of Mar is the first known mormaer, or earl, of Mar from the 12th century, though the mormaerdom itself is much older. For instance, there was a mormaer of Mar present at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. Ruadrí was a witness to a confirmation of lands to the newly established Abbey of the Holy Trinity at Dunfermline by David I in 1128.^[7] He is also mentioned as "Ruadrí mormar Marr" in the Gaelic notes on the Book of Deer, indicating that his floruit dates to shortly after 1130.^[8]

An early colored representation of the Earldom of Mar can be found in a heraldic collection, specifically in MS B.29, p22 (dating from 1270–80) housed at the College of Arms. The House of Mar's coat of arms is described as 'Quarterly 1st and 4th Azure a bend between six cross crosslets fitched Or (Mar), 2nd and 3rd Argent pale Sable (Erskine)'. The motto of Clan Erskine is "Je Pense Plus" (French for "I think more"). Crest: On a chapeau Gules furred Ermine, a hand holding up a skene in pale Argent, hilted and pommelled Or. The name Erskine in Scottish Gaelic is Arascain, which translates to "air an sgian" – meaning "upon the knife." This heraldic emblem has a historical association with Longwy-sur-le-Doubs, a town in the Jura department of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France, known for its strategic importance in the defense of the Kingdom of Burgundy.

Geographically, the Mormaerdom of Mar was situated in what is now Aberdeenshire, spanning the area between the River Dee and the River Don, extending from coastal regions to the mountainous interiors. The Earldom of Mar, as declared by the Ulster King-of-Arms, is considered one of the most ancient dtitles in Great Britain, and possibly even in Europe.^[5]

Mar Lodge Estate represents only a small portion of the medieval Earldom of Mar and did not reach its current size and configuration until the 20th century.^[9] After John Erskine, the 6th Earl of Mar, participated in the Jacobite Rising of 1715, the estate was forfeited in 1716, marking the end of the feudal landholding system in the Earldom of Mar. The process of resolving the forfeiture extended over many years. Today, the estate is estimated to represent 33,000 hectares of the Cairngorms National Park.^[10] Mar Lodge Estate is a popular destination for hill walkers, having four of Scotland's five highest mountains, including Ben Macdui, the second-highest peak in Britain.

Kildrummy Castle, located near Kildrummy in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, stands as an impressive, albeit now ruined, testament to medieval architecture. It is regarded as one of the most significant and expansive examples of 13th-century castles in eastern Scotland. Historically, it served as the principal residence of the Earls of Mar.

The origins of Kildrummy Castle trace back to the early 13th century. It is believed to have been built under the lordship of Uilleam and Domhnall, who were Earls of Mar during this period. Throughout its storied past, the castle has witnessed several sieges, notably playing a crucial defensive role for the family of Robert the Bruce in 1306. This historical significance underlines Kildrummy Castle's pivotal role in Scottish history, particularly during periods of conflict and upheaval.^[11]

Isabella of Mar (fl. c. 1277 – 12 December 1296) was the first wife of Robert Bruce VII, Earl of Carrick. She was the daughter of Domhnall I, Earl of Mar (died 1297–1302). The marriage of Robert Bruce VII and Isabella probably took place in the 1290s. Isabella passed away before her husband was crowned King of Scotland as Robert I. Together, she and Robert Bruce VII were the grandparents of Robert II, King of Scotland, the founder of the Royal House of Stuart.^[12]

The Erskine family was known for their unwavering allegiance to the Clan Bruce. A notable figure within the family, Sir Robert de Erskine, distinguished himself during his era. His prominence and trustworthiness were recognized by King David II of Scotland, son of King Robert The Bruce, who entrusted him with the important role of custodian of Stirling Castle, a key strategic stronghold in the country.^[13]

There are currently two earldoms of Mar in the Peerage of Scotland, and the title has been created seven times. The first creation of the earldom is currently held by Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar, who is also clan chief of Clan Mar. The seventh creation is currently held by James Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar and 16th Earl of Kellie, who is also clan chief of Clan Erskine.

John Erskine, the sixth Earl of Mar, was inducted as a Knight of the Thistle on August 10, 1706. This prestigious honor marked a significant recognition in his career. The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, tied closely to Scotland, was reestablished in its current form in 1687 by King James VII of Scotland. King James VII declared this as a revival of an older tradition. The order is symbolized by the thistle, Scotland's national flower, and carries the motto "Nemo me impune lacessit" (Latin for "No one provokes me with impunity"). Historical lore, as noted in the 1687 warrant, recounts that King Achaius of Scots established the Order of the Thistle in dedication to Saint Andrew after witnessing a celestial symbol of the saint's cross during a 786 battle against Angles led by Aethelstan. According to the statutes set by James VII during the order's revival, it was to maintain the original composition of "the Sovereign and twelve Knights-Brethren," a symbolic reference to Jesus Christ and His Twelve Apostles. A notable point in the order's history involves John Erskine, the 6th Earl of Mar. He was the only member ever to be stripped of his knighthood. Interestingly, unlike the other British orders, the statutes of the Order of the Thistle do not specify a procedure for the removal of a Knight. ^[14] Nonetheless, this action was taken against him by the newly established Hanoverian dynasty.^[15] This followed his involvement in the Jacobite rising of 1715, leading to the loss of both his knighthood and the earldom.^[16][17]

Mar was the hereditary governor of Stirling Castle. Most of the current buildings in the castle were constructed between 1490 and 1600, during which time Stirling was developed as a principal royal center by the Stuart kings James IV, James V, and James VI. James VI was the longest-reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Scotland and sponsored the translation of the Bible into English (later named after him, the Authorized King James Version). The architecture of these new structures exhibits a blend of Scottish and French influences. In 1709, Mar supervised repairs to the castle. He drafted a proposal for the southeast elevation, inscribing it with "Justitia et patria restituta" (Justice and country restored).^[18][19]

In the early 18th century, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, played a significant role in British politics. He was aligned with a party supportive of the government and was appointed as one of the Commissioners for the Union. His political acumen led to his appointment as a Scottish Secretary of State. Following the Union of 1707, Mar continued his distinguished career as a representative peer for Scotland, Keeper of the Signet, and a member of the Privy Council. In 1713, under the Tory administration, he was appointed a British Secretary of State, showcasing his versatility and capability to work across party lines.^[20]

Mar's adaptability in politics was further demonstrated in 1714 when he expressed his loyalty to the newly crowned King George I. However, this loyalty was contingent on his desire for the dissolution of the union; Mar was willing to support George I as long as he believed the king could deliver on this goal.^[21] Despite his efforts, like many Tories of the time, he was relieved of his office. In August 1715, Mar chose to actively embrace his Scottish heritage and Jacobite sympathies. He discreetly traveled to Scotland, where he became a leading figure in the Jacobite movement supporting James Edward, the Old Pretender.^[2] His shift to the Jacobite cause occurred during a tumultuous period marked by the arrest and impeachment of Robert Harley and the exile of other notable Tories, including Lord Bolingbroke and the Duke of Ormonde. This period of Mar's life highlights his deep involvement in the significant political and historical events of his time.^[22]

In 1714, following the Elector of Hanover's ascension to the British throne after the death of Queen Anne, many of her erstwhile supporters felt estranged from the new government. The Earl of Mar was among these figures, who, feeling alienated, chose to side with the Jacobite movement. From September of that year, he began mobilizing forces, gearing up for a southward march. This action was part of a larger strategy to unite with English Jacobite groups, with the ultimate goal of reinstating a Stuart monarch. It was during this period of shifting allegiances and active engagement in the Jacobite cause that his English detractors labeled him "Bobbing John," a nickname that reflected their perception of his changing loyalties.

Gathering with numerous Highland chieftains at Aboyne, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, expressed a strong commitment to Scotland's independence. On September 6, 1715, at Braemar, he initiated the Jacobite rising of 1715 by proclaiming James VIII as the King of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland. The Gaelic Bràigh Mhàrr properly refers to the area of upper Marr (as it literally means). Under his leadership, the Jacobite forces gradually expanded, showcasing his ability to rally support.

The Declaration of the Earl of Mar on September 9, 1715, was a rallying call issued by John Erskine, the Earl of Mar, during the Jacobite Rising of 1715. In the declaration, Mar announced that King James III and VIII, recognized by the Jacobites as the rightful king, had entrusted him with the command of Scottish forces. Mar, along with several Scottish nobles and military leaders, determined that the time had come to take up arms openly to restore King James to the throne and to free Scotland from what they viewed as oppressive foreign rule.^[23]

The declaration noted that several key figures were present at the council held at Aboyne, including Lord Huntley, Lord Tullibardine, the Earl Mareschal, the Earl of Southesk, representatives from various clans, and other influential gentlemen. This assembly reflected the broad support among the Scottish nobility for the Jacobite cause.^[23]

Mar called on all loyal subjects to swiftly raise their forces and join him at Braemar to march under the King's Standard. He emphasized the importance of discipline among the troops, forbidding plundering and disorder, and expressed confidence in the justice of their cause. Mar invoked divine support, stating that "in so honourable, good, and just a cause, we cannot doubt of the assistance, direction, and blessing of Almighty God, who has so often rescued the Royal Family of Stuart and our country from sinking under oppression." The declaration was specifically addressed to the Baillie and gentlemen of the Lordship of Kildrummie, urging them to comply with these orders as a matter of duty. The document highlights Mar's leadership role and the deep sense of righteousness and divine backing felt by the Jacobite supporters at the outset of the rebellion.^[23]

During the Jacobite rising of 1689, John Graham of Claverhouse following the arrival, in November 1688, of William III and Mary II in Britain – John Farquharson was commissioned as colonel by John Graham.  The Farquharsons were Jacobite sympathisers and James Farquharson of Balmoral was involved in both the 1715 and 1745 Jacobite risings.^[24]

As a military leader, Mar faced significant challenges. His strategic decisions, including a prolonged stay at Perth and a simulated attack on Stirling, were part of his broader military campaign, though they had limited success in advancing his cause. During the Battle of Sheriffmuir, in November 1715, Mar commanded an army that outnumbered the forces of his opponent, the Duke of Argyll. The battle concluded without a decisive victor, as each army's right wing overpowered the other's left wing.

In the battle's aftermath, while Mar's cautious approach led to missed opportunities, it is important to consider the complex circumstances and the challenging decisions he faced as a commander. The Jacobite rising of 1715, despite not achieving its ultimate goal, remains a significant event in Scottish history, reflecting the enduring spirit and aspirations of its participants.^[2]

The Battle of Sheriffmuir, a pivotal engagement in the Jacobite uprising. The battle's outcome, while technically inconclusive, showcased strategic aspects of Mar's leadership and the valor of his forces. Mar's army, demonstrating commendable skill and courage, achieved significant tactical successes during the battle. The right wing of his Jacobite forces, notably comprising Clan Donald, the Macleans, and the Breadalbane Campbells, displayed remarkable prowess. They effectively overpowered the Hanoverian left wing, a testament to their discipline and fighting spirit under Mar's command.

The encounter was characterized by its unique dynamics, with both armies experiencing victories and defeats on different flanks. The end of the battle, marked by the onset of night, left both sides in a state of uncertainty about the outcome. Notably, Mar's forces had inflicted heavier casualties on the Hanoverians, a point often overshadowed by the battle's overall ambiguity. Although exact casualty numbers are uncertain, it is generally accepted that around 600 soldiers were killed in total during the battle. The Government forces, comprising 960 dragoons and 2,200 infantry, suffered approximately 700 casualties. On the Jacobite side, with 807 horse and 6,290 foot soldiers, around 250 casualties were recorded.^[25][26]

In 1716, Daniel Defoe played a significant role in the manipulation and dissemination of "A Journal of the Earl of Marr's Proceedings," a document originally intended to defend John Erskine, Earl of Mar, and his actions during the Jacobite uprising of 1715. The journal, which was initially compiled by multiple authors under Mar's direction, aimed to justify Mar's leadership and the decisions made during the rebellion.^[27]

When the journal came into Defoe's possession in England, he substantially revised the content to serve as a piece of anti-Jacobite propaganda. Defoe altered key details, such as diminishing Mar's titles and criticizing his leadership, to portray the Jacobite cause as futile and poorly managed. His version of the journal was widely circulated and effectively overshadowed the original, influencing public perception by framing the Jacobite leaders, including Mar, as ineffectual and misguided.^[27]

Defoe's revised version of the text was highly influential and saw continued circulation, going through at least eight different printings in England and Ireland. It was also reprinted in works like Robert Patten's "History of the Late Rebellion" and Nicholas Tindal's continuation of Rapin de Thoyras' "History of England." While Mar's original tract disappeared from circulation, Defoe's version resurfaced during the Jacobite rising of 1745 when it was included in reprints of Patten's "History." Defoe's intervention in the journal highlights his prowess as a political writer and propagandist, effectively aligning the document with the interests of the Hanoverian government and discrediting the Jacobite movement and its leaders.^[27]

Daniel Defoe's involvement in revising and disseminating "A Journal of the Earl of Marr's Proceedings" has had a lasting impact on the historical scholarship surrounding John Erskine, Earl of Mar. Defoe's version of the journal, which portrayed Mar as an ineffective and indecisive leader during the Jacobite uprising of 1715, became the dominant narrative and significantly influenced public perception of Mar's role.^[27][28]

Defoe's alterations were so influential that they effectively overshadowed the original narrative, recasting Mar's actions in a negative light and contributing to a long-standing historical interpretation of Mar as a flawed leader. This portrayal became embedded in historical accounts and has persisted into modern scholarship, where Mar is often remembered for his failures rather than his efforts to lead the Jacobite cause.^[28]

The widespread circulation and reprinting of Defoe's revised journal ensured that his critical perspective on Mar dominated the narrative for centuries. As a result, contemporary historians continue to grapple with Defoe's influence when reassessing Mar's role in the Jacobite movement, often having to navigate between Defoe's propagandist depiction and other historical evidence to form a more balanced understanding of Mar's contributions and shortcomings.^[28]

Mar subsequently joined the Pretender at Fetteresso. Facing challenging circumstances, both Mar and the Prince sought refuge in France, where Mar would spend the rest of his life. In recognition of his commitment to the Jacobite cause, the Parliament issued a Writ of Attainder for treason against Mar in 1716. This legal action, reflective of the turbulent political times, remained in effect until it was posthumously reversed in 1824. Demonstrating his continued influence and leadership within the Jacobite movement, Mar was appointed as the Jacobite Secretary of State in March 1716, succeeding Henry St John in this significant role.^[29][30]

John Erskine, 6th/23rd Earl of Mar, recognized for his significant contributions to politics, architecture, and urban planning, was a visionary leader and a creative thinker. Bestowed with the Jacobite title of Duke of Mar in 1716 by James III and VIII, he was a pivotal figure during a transformative era in British history.^[31] Created Duke of Mar, Marquess Erskine or Marquess of Stirling, Earl of Kildrummie, Viscount of Garioch, and Lord Alloa, Ferriton and Forrest in the notional Peerage of Scotland in 1715, his titles reflected his esteemed status. Despite the attainder by the government of the Hanoverian George I in the following year, his influence and recognition persisted within Jacobite circles.^[32]

Further elevating his stature, he was also created Earl of Mar in the Peerage of England in 1717 and Duke of Mar in the Peerage of Ireland in 1722.^[32] Although these titles, with an ordinary remainder to heirs male of the body, became extinct after his son's death in 1766, his legacy endured through his other titles and contributions. In 1824, the Mar Peerage Restoration Act was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to restore the title of Earl of Mar to the successors of John Erskine, who had been attainted following the Jacobite uprising of 1715. ^[33]

Beyond his noble titles, the Earl of Mar was a forward-thinking individual, especially in the realms of architecture and urban development. His vision extended beyond the Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707, as he sought to integrate England, Ireland, and Scotland as equal partners in a proposed federation with France. This ambitious plan aimed at securing lasting peace across Europe. John Erskine served as Sovereign Grand Commander of the Order of the Fleur de Lys from 1716–1730, with the purpose of re-establishing the Judaic-Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem.

During his 19 years in exile following the Jacobite Rising of 1715, Mar dedicated himself to intellectual pursuits, notably in designing houses and urban improvements. These designs were not just for aesthetic value but were intended to support the infrastructural needs of a restored Stuart monarchy. His work in exile showcased his unwavering commitment to his principles and his homeland, underlining his role as a prominent and influential figure in the historical and cultural narrative of the United Kingdom.^[34]

John Erskine, Earl of Mar, actively sought the support of foreign powers for the Stuart cause, demonstrating his commitment to this political endeavor. Over time, however, his standing within the Jacobite movement faced challenges. In 1719, he was involved in orchestrating an invasion plan, leveraging Spain's ongoing war against Britain, though this initiative was ultimately hindered by adverse weather conditions.^[35]

Mar has been criticized for his perception as a political conspirator, with some labeling him a traitor to the Jacobite cause.  However, recent analyses suggest that these accusations may be unjust. Mar's actions during his exile, particularly his negotiations with the British government, were primarily driven by a desire to secure his financial future and restore his family estates, rather than a betrayal of the Jacobite movement. Although he engaged in some negotiations, there is little evidence that he provided significant intelligence to the British or that he acted as a spy.^[30][36]

In 1717, while James Stuart was in Italy, John Erskine, Duke of Mar, spent several months in Paris to meet with his wife and discuss their strained financial situation. During this time, Mar visited Lord Stair, the British Ambassador, and was rumored to have sought a pardon. However, Stair's account suggests that Mar only hinted at the possibility of negotiations. This meeting coincided with Parliament's consideration of an Act of Indemnity, which Jacobites hoped would apply to those involved in the 1715 uprising. Mar likely inquired about the Act's potential coverage out of a desire to secure his financial future and reclaim his estates, rather than seeking reconciliation with King George.^[30]

Mar was offered an indemnity that would have allowed him to return to Britain. However, he promptly informed James Stuart of the offer and stated that he must refuse it. Mar explained that he could not, in good conscience, accept an individual indemnity unless a general indemnity was extended to all exiled Jacobites. He believed that accepting a personal pardon without broader amnesty for others would be disloyal to the cause.^[22]

Much of the criticism against Mar came from within the Jacobite movement, especially from Bishop Atterbury, a rival who accused him of treachery. However, Mar had the support of some contemporaries who defended his loyalty to the Jacobite cause. The accusations against him were likely fueled by internal power struggles and misunderstandings rather than concrete evidence of betrayal.^[30]

In 1721, Mar is claimed to have accepted a pension of £3,000 a year from George I. The following year, his name was mentioned in relation to the trial of Bishop Atterbury, with allegations of Mar's involvement in the bishop's betrayal. Bishop Atterbury suspected that Mar had betrayed him due to the belief that Mar was receiving an annual pension from the government. However, this suspicion was based on misinformation, as it has been disputed that Mar ever received such a pension, and he continued to live in unrelieved poverty. These claims remained unproven and could be characterized as speculative.^[30][37] Despite some controversies, Mar's role in these events underscores the complex nature of political alliances and strategies of the time. In 1724, the Pretender distanced himself from Mar, marking a new chapter in Mar's political journey.

Mar played a central role in planning a Jacobite invasion in the early 1720s, specifically around 1722, aimed at restoring the Stuart monarchy. The plan was designed to be a surprise attack, conducted without foreign aid, and intended to rally support from the Church of England by having the popular Ormonde suddenly appear in England. Mar coordinated with James, who was to set out from Rome, and Dillon, with whom Mar would depart from Paris simultaneously. The uprising was to begin in Scotland upon their arrival, while Ormonde and Lansdowne would invade the West Country to divide government forces.^[38]

The success of the plan depended on careful preparation and the mobilization of English Jacobites, with substantial European financing for purchasing arms and ships. However, the plan explicitly excluded the involvement of foreign troops. Mar also drafted a new constitution, based on a model of mixed government where the executive's power would be limited by the legislature. This constitution, which aimed to balance royal authority with parliamentary oversight, was approved by James to be enacted in the event of a successful invasion.^[39]

Despite the careful coordination and efforts, the invasion did not come to fruition, as it faced significant challenges, including insufficient support and effective countermeasures by the British government. Mar's involvement in the plan reflects his continued commitment to the Jacobite cause, although the intended outcome was not achieved.^[40] Additionally, tensions existed within the Jacobite leadership, notably with Atterbury, who had previously abandoned Oxford and the Jacobite cause in Parliament, weakening their position and contributing to internal divisions.^[41]

Mar's close friend in exile, Andrew Michael Ramsay (1686–1743), was a Scotsman by birth, educated at Ayr Grammar School and the University of Edinburgh. Ramsay had early shown an inclination for esoteric theology, which became evident when he was appointed tutor to the children of the fourth Earl of Wemyss. In 1710, he traveled to the Low Countries, where he met François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon, the Archbishop of Cambrai. Fénelon not only converted Ramsay to Roman Catholicism but also introduced him to Quietism, a spiritual doctrine emphasizing calm resignation to life's trials.

Quietism was later embraced by Mar and many other Jacobites, who found spiritual comfort in its teachings during their years of exile. Ramsay was a leading member of the Garden Circle, a group dedicated to discussing the theology of the Aberdeen divine George Garden and his brother James. Mar's long-standing friend, Lord Pitsligo, was also a member of this group.^[42]

Ramsay’s impact extended beyond theology to the political ideology of Jacobitism. His Essay on Civil Government, published in English in 1722, was clearly intended for an English audience, with its publication timed to coincide with Mar’s invasion plans. The book discusses the ancient origins of the English monarchy and offers a defense of the ideological basis of Jacobite absolutism and the inviolability of hereditary monarchy. Drawing on the ideas of Fénelon and the civic tradition discussed by Fletcher, Ramsay argues that hereditary monarchy is the most valid and enduring form of government, asserting that it cannot be altered into an elected monarchy (or vice versa). He further posits that all established governments are inviolable, and a king de facto does not have the legal authority of a king de jure.^[43]

Ramsay’s work implies that the Jacobites were not rebels, as the Hanoverian regime claimed, but were instead leading a legitimate rising to restore their rightful king to the throne. He critiques the Whig assertion that Parliament has the right to choose a king, arguing that this sets a precedent for arbitrary power. According to Ramsay, the monarch is the primary defender of the people’s liberties and the institutions that support peace and prosperity. Much of Ramsay’s argument is rooted in Tory or country party constitutionalism, which disavowed the concept of the king-in-parliament established in 1688 and upheld by Queen Anne. However, Ramsay’s views did not entirely align with the form of Jacobitism practiced by figures like Lockhart of Carnwath and Mar, both of whom were parliamentary Jacobites who believed in the hereditary monarchy but did not oppose reformist parliamentary authority.^[44]

Ramsay played a pivotal role in the spread of Freemasonry in France, particularly among the French aristocracy. He promoted the idea that Freemasonry originated in the Holy Land and was founded by Crusaders. Central to this was the Royal Order of Scotland, which, according to Ramsay, comprised two degrees: Heredom and the Rosy Cross. Heredom was said to have emerged during the reign of King David I of Scotland, while the Rosy Cross of the Knights Templar was linked to the Most Ancient Order of the Thistle, sharing ceremonial practices. Following the dissolution of the Templar Order, it was believed that the Knights Templar found sanctuary in Scotland in 1314 and fought alongside Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn, for which Bruce conferred upon them secular status and his own Cross of St. Andrew. The grand master of the Royal Order of Scotland was typically the Scottish monarch. Ramsay associated the St. Andrew’s cross on a blue Masonic ribbon with James as the grand master of the order. While the Templars remained disgraced in France during Ramsay’s time, he subtly incorporated Templar rituals into French Masonic practices.^{[45] [46]}

For diplomatic reasons, Andrew Michael Ramsay, a central figure in the spread of Freemasonry in France, made no explicit reference to the Templars, who were considered a disgraced organization by the French government. However, as the high degrees of so-called Scottish Masonry developed, Templar mythology gradually became a central feature of Masonic ritual in France. In Scotland, interest in Templarism had revived earlier, with figures like Elias Ashmole in 1672 praising the Knights Templar for their willingness to sacrifice their lives for the honor of God and the defense of the Holy Land.^[47]

After the beheading of Charles I, Templarism in the seventeenth century began to take on strong political overtones, particularly within the Stuart cause. It has been suggested that certain Stuart partisans created a Templar degree to avenge the violent death of Jacques de Molay, the last Grand Master of the Templars, who was executed in 1314.^[48] It is believed that Dundee, an early Templar Grand Master, fell at the Battle of Killiecrankie while wearing the Grand Cross of the Order. The Duke of Mar is then said to have held the office of Templar Grand Master, continuing this tradition within the Stuart loyalist movement. Following his tenure, the order seemingly fell into abeyance until its revival by Charles Edward Stuart in 1745. A vivid account from the 3rd Duke of Perth, written shortly after the Jacobite victory at Prestonpans, describes a secret ceremony at Holyrood on 24 September 1745, during which Prince Charles Edward was elected Grand Master of the ancient chivalry of the Temple of Jerusalem.^[49] An extract from the letter describes the event:

"Upon Monday last there was a great ball at ye Palace, and on Tuesday by appointment there was a solemn chapter of the ancient Chivalry of the Temple of Jerusalem held in the Audience Room - not more than ten knights were present, for since my lord of Mar demitted the office of G Master, no general meeting has been called save in your own North Convent. Our Noble Prince looked most gallantly in the white robe of the order, took his Profession like a worthy knight, and after receiving the congratulations of all present did vow that he would restore the Temple higher than it was in the days of William the Lyon." ^[50]

Freemasonry has long been interested in exploring the interrelationships between various philosophical and symbolic systems, often creating intricate diagrams to represent these connections. One such example is "The Philosophical Cross," which features a central 'All-Seeing Eye' surrounded by the letters 'INRI' (Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum). The diagram is rich with cosmic symbolism, including representations of the Four Seasons and the Four Ages of Man.

This diagram appears to be linked to the Royal Order of Scotland, as indicated by the abbreviation 'Ec:' for 'Ecosse.' The Royal Order of Scotland, which flourished in France between 1735 and 1740 among Scottish Jacobite refugees, confers two degrees: 'Heredom of Kilwinning' and the 'Rosy Cross.' In 1747, Prince Charles Edward Stuart granted a charter to a Masonic Lodge in Arras, styling himself as the Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of 'Rose Croix de Herodim de Kilwinning.' This is referenced in the bottom right of the diagram as 'R:. C:. d'H:. C:. d: m:. et de Kilwinning.'

Musical notes depicted on the diagram suggest the pattern of knocks associated with each degree, indicating that the diagram may have served as an aide-mémoire for initiated members of the order. The inclusion of such detailed and symbolic elements underscores the deep connections between Freemasonry, the Royal Order of Scotland, and the broader Jacobite movement, in which John Erskine, Duke of Mar, played a significant role.^[51]

Ireland, according to the historian Ehrenpreis, was governed under a repressive system of penal laws designed to bring the country under England's control. This system, rather than ensuring peace, only perpetuated unrest under English rule. To address this, John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar, advocated for a Stuart restoration that would bring back Ireland's ancient aristocracy, promote religious tolerance, and grant self-government. Mar envisioned that the Irish, if freed alongside the Scots, would form a closer bond with Scotland, recognizing their shared heritage and suffering under English oppression.^[52]

Mar’s vision included the cessation of England’s control over Irish legislation and judicial matters, aiming for Ireland to have a parliament and governance of its own, similar to Scotland. This idea echoed Jonathan Swift's critiques, who lamented Ireland’s constitutional impotence and economic exploitation by England. Swift’s works, including The Story of the Injured Lady, allegorized Ireland as a nation violated and oppressed by England, drawing parallels between the conditions in Ireland and the fears of a similar fate for Scotland under the Union of 1707.^[53]

Mar’s proposals went beyond political autonomy, extending to economic and infrastructural reforms. He suggested establishing a free and independent Irish parliament, reforming the agricultural sector, and promoting trade and industry. His ideas were among the most radical of his time, linking political independence with economic and national development. Mar’s approach combined the concepts of civic virtue with practical governance, reflecting the intellectual environment of early 18th-century Scotland and influencing later economic thinkers like Adam Smith.  ^[54][53]

Mar’s vision for Ireland and Scotland emphasized the need for both nations to support each other in their quest for freedom, prosperity, and self-governance, forming a united front against English domination.^[55]

John Erskine of Mar was a prominent figure in Scottish history, renowned for his significant contributions in architecture, politics, and cultural preservation. His architectural interests were particularly evident in his work on ancestral homes and castles in Mar, notably transforming the House of Alloa by integrating traditional Scottish and baroque styles.^[56] He also made innovative changes to other Scottish houses, reflecting both his architectural vision and commitment to Scotland's cultural heritage. In addition to architecture, Erskine's political involvement was substantial, engaging deeply in the nation's affairs, from industrialization to landscape designing, particularly during the crucial period of the Parliamentary Union of 1704–1707.

John Erskine, alongside Thomas Jefferson, demonstrated a deep engagement with the architectural trends and theories of their respective periods, reflecting a shared interest in the economic and social implications of domestic architecture. Erskine's work diverged from the more rigid English Palladianism promoted by Colen Campbell in Vitruvius Britannicus. While Campbell's work sought to establish a new English national style rooted in classical ideals, Erskine focused on developing a Scottish national style through innovative designs that addressed both political and domestic concerns. This approach mirrored Jefferson's later architectural pursuits in America, where he too combined political ideology with practical architectural solutions. Both Erskine and Jefferson drew inspiration from European sources, including the works of Blondel, integrating these influences into their designs to create environments that reflected an idealized social order. Their architectural legacies thus represent a unique blend of style, political expression, and practical domestic economy, distinguishing their work within the broader context of 18th-century architecture.^[57]

Erskine's influence extended to urban planning, with notable contributions to city plans for Edinburgh, London, and Paris. His Jacobite exile saw him playing a key role in the court's affairs, marked by interactions with prominent figures and experiences across Europe, underscoring his political and international insight. His visionary projects in architecture and urban design are evident in his plans for palaces and houses across Europe. Mar spent his later years in Paris and Aix-la-Chapelle, where he died in 1732.^[35][58] This period of his life highlights his continued engagement in political affairs and his enduring connection to significant historical events of the era.^[2][34] Erskine's personal life, including his family's challenges, eventual pardon, and legacy, as highlighted by the Erskine and Mar monument, paints a picture of a multifaceted individual whose life and work left a lasting impact on Scotland's historical and cultural narrative.^[34]

John Erskine, Earl of Mar, first married Lady Margaret Hay, daughter of Thomas Hay, 7th Earl of Kinnoull, on 6 April 1703. They had a son, Thomas, born in 1705. Lady Margaret died on 26 April 1707.

Mar's second marriage was to Lady Frances Pierrepont, daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull. This alliance proved beneficial, assisting Mar in addressing the financial challenges inherited from his family. Unfortunately, Lady Frances experienced significant health challenges, suffering from mental illness beginning in 1728, a condition thought to be exacerbated by the difficulties surrounding Mar's exile in France. Despite these challenges, Lady Frances lived a long life, passing away on 4 March 1767. She was laid to rest at St Marylebone Parish Church, Westminster.^[59]

• Through his marriage to Lady Frances Pierrepont, Mar was a brother-in-law of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.^[2]
• Mar's brother James Erskine, Lord Grange was a noted judge.
• Mar's son Thomas Erskine, Lord Erskine served as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland (1749–1750).
• Robert Erskine (physician) (Areskine) was the librarian of Peter the Great.^[60]

• In Robert Burns' song "The Battle of Sheriffmuir," John Erskine's role as a commander during the 1715 Jacobite uprising is highlighted through a vivid portrayal of the battle's chaos and bloodshed. The song recounts the different perspectives of two shepherds who discuss the intense confrontation between the Highland clans, led by the Jacobites, and the government forces, with Erskine's leadership playing a central role in the conflict. Burns' depiction emphasizes the mixed outcomes and the tragic losses on both sides, capturing the tumultuous nature of the battle in which Erskine was a key figure.
• Elizabeth Peters' 1976 romantic suspense novel, Legend in Green Velvet, prominently features a fictional member of Clan Erskine, along with the castle and the history of the Clan. The story follows Susan, a young American archaeology student in Edinburgh with a deep love for all things Scottish. When the opportunity arises to join an archaeological dig in the Highlands, it feels like a dream come true. However, Susan soon finds herself fleeing from mysterious pursuers and teams up with a young Scottish laird, a member of Clan Erskine, who is also under threat from the same unidentified figures.^[61]
• The progressive rock band Genesis wrote a song, "Eleventh Earl of Mar" (found on their Wind & Wuthering album), about Mar and the 1715 Jacobite rising. The lyrics were written by Mike Rutherford, who explains "I had this idea after reading this history book about a failed Scottish rising. I liked the idea of him – he was a bit gay, a bit camp, and a bit well-dressed."
• He was mentioned in a contemporary folk song "Cam Ye O'er Frae France", which was recorded by British folk rock band Steeleye Span.
• He was mentioned in the Starz original series, Outlander – season two, episode two, at the 21:50 mark.
• The Alloa branch of the Wetherspoons pub chain is named "The Bobbing John" after Mar.

• Alloa Tower in Clackmannanshire, was built two centuries after the founding of Kildrummy, in the fourteenth century, as the Erskine's Lowland stronghold.
• Braemar Castle in Aberdeenshire, was a center for great hunting parties and  Highland gatherings.
• Kildrummy Castle in Aberdeenshire, was probably built in the mid-13th century and was the seat of the Earls of Mar.
• Stirling Castle is located in Stirling, where John Erskine, 23rd and 6th Earl of Mar was Hereditary Governor and Captain of Stirling Castle.
• Mar Lodge Estate in Aberdeenshire, is the largest remnant of the historic Earldom of Mar.

Tartan Image	Notes
	Areskyn tartan, as published in Vestiarium Scoticum (1842).
	Mar tartan

• Clan Mar
• Clan Erskine
• Earldom of Mar

• Stewart, Margaret (2016). "The Architectural, Landscape and Constitutional Plans of the Earl of Mar, 1700-32". Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1846825750
• Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0004705477
• Moore, John Robert. "Defoe's Hand in "A Journal of the Earl of Marr's Proceedings (1716)", Huntington Library Quarterly, May, 1954, Vol. 17, No. 3 (May, 1954), pp. 209- 228 (University of Pennsylvania Press, JSTOR)
• Bruce, Maurice. "The Duke of Mar in Exile, 1716-32". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 20 (1937), pp. 61-82 (Cambridge University Press, JSTOR)
• "Archival material relating to John Erskine, Earl of Mar". UK National Archives.

• Alloa Tower
• Braemar Castle
• Earl of Mar - Commander in Chief
• European Heraldry: House of Erskine
• Jacobite Peerage - Ireland
• Jacobite Peerage - Scotland
• Jacobites at Sheriffmuir 1715
• Jacobite Manifesto
• Kildrummy Castle
• Mar Lodge Estate
• Mar on Sherrifmuir
• Map of Scotland (Dedicated to Marr)
• Stirling Castle
• The Ancient Earldom of Mar
• The Order of the Fleur de Lys
• Tribe of Mar

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Secretaries of State for Scotland

Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland

Secretaries of State for Scotland
1707–1746

• Mar
• Queensberry
• Mar
• Montrose
• Roxburghe
• Vacant
• Tweeddale

Secretaries for Scotland
1885–1926

• Richmond
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• Murray
• Linlithgow
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Secretaries of State for Scotland
(pre-devolution)
1926–1999

• Gilmour
• Adamson
• Sinclair
• Collins
• Elliot
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• Brown
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• McNeil
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• Noble
• Ross
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• Ross
• Millan
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Secretaries of State for Scotland
(post-devolution)
1999–present

• Reid
• Liddell
• Darling*
• Alexander*
• Browne**
• Murphy
• Alexander
• Moore
• Carmichael
• Mundell
• Jack
• Murray

*Also Secretary of State for Transport; **Secretary of State for Defence