Kolar leaf-nosed bat
Kolar leaf-nosed bat | |
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The bat at its only known roost in Hanumanahalli, Kolar, Karnataka | |
Conservation status | |
![]() Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]] | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Chiroptera |
Family: | Hipposideridae |
Genus: | Hipposideros |
Species: | H. hypophyllus |
Binomial name | |
Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock & Bhat, 1994 | |
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Kolar leaf-nosed bat range |
The Kolar leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros hypophyllus), or leafletted leaf-nosed bat is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae. It is endemic to India. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and caves. It is found in only one cave in India, and its population is less than 200 individuals.
Taxonomy
This species was described in 1994.[2] The Hipposideros bats of South Asia are divided into closely related species groups. The Kolar leaf-nosed bat is placed in the "bicolor" species group, which is characterized by the absence of secondary leaflets on their nose-leaves and a forearm length of 33–44 mm (1.3–1.7 in).[3] It is most closely related to Cantor's roundleaf bat and the fawn leaf-nosed bat; these three species form a clade in the genus Hipposideros.[4]
Description
Its forearm is 38–49 mm (1.5–1.9 in) long.[3] The fur on its back is variable in color, with some individuals' hairs tipped with grayish-brown, while others' hairs are tipped with rufous brown. Fur on the ventral surface is tipped in white or fulvous-white. Its nose-leaf has two supplementary leaflets that project from underneath the sides of the front nose-leaf.[5] Its ears are 16.7–17.7 mm (0.66–0.70 in) long; its tail is 23.3–24.3 mm (0.92–0.96 in) long; its hind feet are 6.7–6.9 mm (0.26–0.27 in); its nose-leaf is 5.5–5.8 mm (0.22–0.23 in) wide.[4]
Biology
It echolocates at 103–105.3kHz.[3] During the day, it roosts in caves. It has been documented sharing a roost site with several other species of bat, including Khajuria's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros durgadasi), fulvus roundleaf bat (Hipposideros fulvus), and Schneider's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros speoris). It accumulates fat in the winter months, suggesting that it may use torpor in colder months.[1] Pregnant and lactating females have been observed late in the summer.[4]
Range and habitat
It is known from only one cave in Hanumanahalli village in the Kolar district of the state of Karnataka in India.[1] Its cave is described as an inaccessibly narrow opening in granite rocks.[5] Previously, it was known from a nearby cave in Therahalli village, but it is absent from that cave as of 2014. It has not been encountered at elevations above 570 m (1,870 ft). The habitat surrounding its single remaining cave consists of tropical dry shrubland.[1]
Conservation
It is currently evaluated as critically endangered by the IUCN. The Kolar leaf-nosed bat is found in only one cave, and its population is less than 200 individuals. Its single cave is not on protected land, and the species itself is not protected by Indian law. Its habitat is under threat due to illegal granite mining. Granite miners have driven them out of at least two caves by setting fires; the fires make granite extraction easier. As reported in 2014, there was a temporary mining ban on the cave where this species is still found. Its critically endangered listing occurred in 2016; from 2004–2016, it was listed as endangered. From 2000–2004 it was listed as vulnerable, and from 1996–2000, it was listed as lower risk/near threatened.[1] There are petitions to have the bat protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, as all bats in India are considered vermin with the exception of two species. However, as of 2017, these petitions have not been successful.[6]
References
- ^ a b c d e Chakravarty, R.; Srinivasulu, B.; Srinivasulu, C. (2016). "Hipposideros hypophyllus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10138A22092730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10138A22092730.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ^ Kock, D.; Bhat, H. R. (1994). "Hipposideros hypophyllus n. sp. of the H. bicolor-group from peninsular India (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Hipposideridae)". Senckenbergiana Biologica. 73 ((1–2)): 25–31.
- ^ a b c Srinivasulu, B.; Srinivasulu, C.; Kaur, H. (2016). "Echolocation calls of the two endemic leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera: Yinpterochiroptera: Hipposideridae) of India: Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock & Bhat, 1994 and Hipposideros durgadasi Khajuria, 1970". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 8 (14): 9667–9672. doi:10.11609/jott.2783.8.14.9667-9672.
- ^ a b c Srinivasulu, B.; Srinivasulu, C.; Kaur, H.; Shah, T.A.; Devender, G; Srinivasulu, A. (2014). "The reassessment of the threatened status of the Indian endemic Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock & Bhat, 1994 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Hipposideridae)". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 6 (12): 6493–6501. doi:10.11609/jott.o4117.6493-501. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
- ^ a b Venkataraman, K.; Chattopadhyay, A.; Subramanian, K.A., eds. (2013). Endemic Animals of India (Vertebrates): 1-235+ 26 Plates. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India. p. 10.
- ^ Deepthi, Sanjiv (March 11, 2015). "Granite mining in Kolar endangers special bats". Bangalore Mirror. Bangalore. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
External links
- An image of this species
- Photos of a live male and several skulls
- Photo of the cave where the only known colony roosts
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- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Infraclass: Eutheria
- Superorder: Laurasiatheria
- Order: Chiroptera
- Flower-faced bat (A. ornatus)
- A. arabica
- A. italosomalica
- Patrizi's trident leaf-nosed bat (A. patrizii)
- Trident bat (A. tridens)
(Tate's trident-
nosed bats)
- Stoliczka's trident bat (A. stoliczkanus)
- Temminck's trident bat (A. tricuspidatus)
- Dong Bac's trident bat (A. dongbacana)
- East Asian tailless leaf-nosed bat (C. frithii)
- Malayan tailless leaf-nosed bat (C. robinsoni)
(roundleaf bats)
- Aba roundleaf bat (H. abae)
- H. alongensis
- Great roundleaf bat (H. armiger)
- Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat (H. ater)
- H. atrox
- Benito roundleaf bat (H. beatus)
- Bicolored roundleaf bat (H. bicolor)
- Boeadi's roundleaf bat (H. boeadii)
- Short-headed roundleaf bat (H. breviceps)
- Sundevall's roundleaf bat (H. caffer)
- Spurred roundleaf bat (H. calcaratus)
- Greater roundleaf bat (H. camerunensis)
- Fawn leaf-nosed bat (H. cervinus)
- Ashy roundleaf bat (H. cineraceus)
- Commerson's roundleaf bat (H. commersoni)
- Large Mindanao roundleaf bat (H. coronatus)
- Telefomin roundleaf bat (H. corynophyllus)
- Cox's roundleaf bat (H. coxi)
- Timor roundleaf bat (H. crumeniferus)
- Short-tailed roundleaf bat (H. curtus)
- Cyclops roundleaf bat (H. cyclops)
- Makira roundleaf bat (H. demissus)
- Diadem leaf-nosed bat (H. diadema)
- Fierce roundleaf bat (H. dinops)
- Borneo roundleaf bat (H. doriae)
- Khajuria's leaf-nosed bat (H. durgadasi)
- Dayak roundleaf bat (H. dyacorum)
- Hill's roundleaf bat (H. edwardshilli)
- H. einnaythu
- Sooty roundleaf bat (H. fuliginosus)
- Fulvus roundleaf bat (H. fulvus)
- Cantor's roundleaf bat (H. galeritus)
- H. gentilis
- Giant roundleaf bat (H. gigas)
- Grand roundleaf bat (H. grandis)
- H. griffini
- Thailand roundleaf bat (H. halophyllus)
- Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat (H. hypophyllus)
- Crested roundleaf bat (H. inexpectatus)
- Arnhem leaf-nosed bat (H. inornatus)
- Jones's roundleaf bat (H. jonesi)
- Phou Khao Khouay leaf-nosed bat (H. khaokhouayensis)
- Khasian Leaf-nosed Bat (H. khasiana)
- H. kingstonae
- H. kunsi
- Lamotte's roundleaf bat (H. lamottei)
- Indian roundleaf bat (H. lankadiva)
- Intermediate roundleaf bat (H. larvatus)
- Large Asian roundleaf bat (H. lekaguli)
- Shield-faced roundleaf bat (H. lylei)
- Big-eared roundleaf bat (H. macrobullatus)
- Maduran leaf-nosed bat (H. madurae)
- Maggie Taylor's roundleaf bat (H. maggietaylorae)
- Aellen's roundleaf bat (H. marisae)
- Ethiopian large-eared roundleaf bat (H. megalotis)
- Fly River roundleaf bat (H. muscinus)
- Malayan roundleaf bat (H. nequam)
- H. nicobarulae
- Philippine Forest roundleaf bat (H. obscurus)
- Orbiculus leaf-nosed bat (H. orbiculus)
- Biak roundleaf bat (H. papua)
- Peleng leaf-nosed bat (H. pelingensis)
- H. pendleburyi
- Pomona roundleaf bat (H. pomona)
- Pratt's roundleaf bat (H. pratti)
- Philippine pygmy roundleaf bat (H. pygmaeus)
- Ridley's leaf-nosed bat (H. ridleyi)
- Laotian leaf-nosed bat (H. rotalis)
- Noack's roundleaf bat (H. ruber)
- H. scutinares
- Semon's leaf-nosed bat (H. semoni)
- Sorensen's leaf-nosed bat (H. sorenseni)
- Schneider's leaf-nosed bat (H. speoris)
- Northern leaf-nosed bat (H. stenotis)
- Sumban leaf-nosed bat (H. sumbae)
- H. tephrus
- Saõ Tomé leaf-nosed bat (H. thomensis)
- Lesser great Leaf-nosed Bat (H. turpis)
- Striped leaf-nosed bat (H. vittatus)
- Wollaston's roundleaf bat (H. wollastoni)