3

3 (three) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious and cultural significance in many societies.

• A shape with 3 sides is called a triangle.
• 3 is the second smallest prime number and the first odd prime number.
• 3 is a twin prime with 5, and a cousin prime with 7.

• 3 is the first Mersenne prime.
• 3 is the second, and only prime, triangular number.
• 3 is the number of non-collinear points needed to determine a plane, a circle, and a parabola.

The use of three lines to denote the number 3 occurred in many writing systems, including some (like Roman and Chinese numerals) that are still in use. That was also the original representation of 3 in the Brahmic (Indian) numerical notation, its earliest forms aligned vertically.^[1] However, during the Gupta Empire the sign was modified by the addition of a curve on each line. The Nāgarī script rotated the lines clockwise, so they appeared horizontally, and ended each line with a short downward stroke on the right. In cursive script, the three strokes were eventually connected to form a glyph resembling a ⟨3⟩ with an additional stroke at the bottom: ३.

The Indian digits spread to the Caliphate in the 9th century. The bottom stroke was dropped around the 10th century in the western parts of the Caliphate, such as the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, when a distinct variant ("Western Arabic") of the digit symbols developed, including modern Western 3. In contrast, the Eastern Arabs retained and enlarged that stroke, rotating the digit once more to yield the modern ("Eastern") Arabic digit "٣".^[2]

In most modern Western typefaces, the digit 3, like the other decimal digits, has the height of a capital letter, and sits on the baseline. In typefaces with text figures, on the other hand, the glyph usually has the height of a lowercase letter "x" and a descender: "". In some French text-figure typefaces, though, it has an ascender instead of a descender.

A common graphic variant of the digit three has a flat top, similar to the letter Ʒ (ezh). This form is sometimes used to prevent falsifying a 3 as an 8. It is found on UPC-A barcodes and standard 52-card decks.

• Three is the atomic number of lithium.
• Three is the number of dimensions that humans can perceive. Humans perceive the universe to have three spatial dimensions, but some theories, such as string theory, suggest there are more.^[3]
• Three is the number of elementary fermion generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics.^[4]
• In particle physics, each proton or neutron is composed of three quarks.^[5]
• There are three primary colors in the additive and subtractive models.
• The ability of the human eye to distinguish colors is based upon the varying sensitivity of different cells in the retina to light of different wavelengths. Humans being trichromatic, the retina contains three types of color receptor cells, or cones.^[6]
• In physics, three-body problems have no general closed-form solution, unlike two-body problems.^[7]

• The triangle, a polygon with three edges and three vertices, is the most stable physical shape. For this reason it is widely utilized in construction, engineering and design.^[8]

• In European alchemy, the three primes (Latin: tria prima) were salt (), sulfur () and mercury ().^[9][10]
• The three doshas (weaknesses) and their antidotes are the basis of Ayurvedic medicine in India.^[11]

• Three is the symbolic representation for Mu, Augustus Le Plongeon's and James Churchward's lost continent.^[12]

• Philosophers such as Aquinas, Kant, Hegel, C. S. Peirce, and Karl Popper have made threefold divisions, or trichotomies, which have been important in their work.^{[citation needed]}
• Hegel's dialectic of Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis creates three-ness from two-ness.^{[citation needed]}
• In a 1931 interview, Nikola Tesla allegedly said, "If you only knew the magnificence of the 3, 6, and 9, then you would have a key to the universe." ^{[citation needed]}

Many world religions contain triple deities or concepts of trinity, including the Hindu Trimurti and Tridevi, the Triglav (lit. "Three-headed one"), the chief god of the slavs, the three Jewels of Buddhism, the three Pure Ones of Taoism, the Christian Holy Trinity, and the Triple Goddess of Wicca.

• The threefold office of Christ is a Christian doctrine which states that Christ performs the functions of prophet, priest, and king.
• During the Agony in the Garden, Christ asked three times for the cup to be taken from him.
• Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his death.
• The devil tempted Jesus three times.
• Saint Peter thrice denied Jesus and thrice affirmed his faith in Jesus.
• The Magi – wise men who were astronomers/astrologers from Persia^[13] – gave Jesus three gifts.^[14][15]
• There are three Synoptic Gospels and three epistles of John.
• Paul the Apostle went blind for three days after his conversion to Christianity.

• Noah had three sons: Ham, Shem and Japheth
• The Three Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
• The prophet Balaam beat his donkey three times.
• The prophet Jonah spent three days and nights in the belly of a large fish
• Three divisions of the Written Torah: Torah (Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im (Prophets), Ketuvim (Writings)^[16]
• Three divisions of the Jewish people: Kohen, Levite, Yisrael
• Three daily prayers: Shacharit, Mincha, Maariv
• Three Shabbat meals
• Shabbat ends when three stars are visible in the night sky^[17]
• Three Pilgrimage Festivals: Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot
• Three matzos on the Passover Seder table^[18]
• The Three Weeks, a period of mourning bridging the fast days of Seventeenth of Tammuz and Tisha B'Av
• Three cardinal sins for which a Jew must die rather than transgress: idolatry, murder, sexual immorality^[19]
• Upsherin, a Jewish boy's first haircut at age 3^[20]
• A Beth din is composed of three members
• Potential converts are traditionally turned away three times to test their sincerity^[21]
• In the Jewish mystical tradition of the Kabbalah, it is believed that the soul consists of three parts, with the highest being neshamah ("breath"), the middle being ruach ("wind" or "spirit") and the lowest being nefesh ("repose").^[22] Sometimes the two elements of Chayah ("life" or "animal") and Yechidah ("unit") are additionally mentioned.
• In the Kabbalah, the Tree of Life (Hebrew: Etz ha-Chayim, עץ החיים) refers to a latter 3-pillar diagrammatic representation of its central mystical symbol, known as the 10 Sephirot.

• The three core principles in Shia tradition: Tawhid (Oneness of God), Nabuwwa (Concept of Prophethood), Imama (Concept of Imam)

• The Triple Bodhi (ways to understand the end of birth) are Budhu, Pasebudhu, and Mahaarahath.
• The Three Jewels, the three things that Buddhists take refuge in.

• The Imperial Regalia of Japan of the sword, mirror, and jewel.

• The Three Treasures (Chinese: 三寶; pinyin: sānbǎo; Wade–Giles: san-pao), the basic virtues in Taoism.
• The Three Dantians
• Three Lines of a Trigram
• Three Sovereigns: Heaven Fu Xi (Hand – Head – 3º Eye), Humanity Shen Nong (Unit 69), Hell Nüwa (Foot – Abdomen – Umbiculus).

• The Trimurti: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer.
• The three guṇas (triguna) found in the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.^[23]
• The three paths to salvation in the Bhagavad Gita named Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga.

• The three virtues of Humata, Hukhta and Huvarshta (Good Thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds) are a basic tenet in Zoroastrianism.

Three is a very significant number in Norse mythology, along with its powers 9 and 27.

• Prior to Ragnarök, there will be three hard winters without an intervening summer, the Fimbulwinter.
• Odin endured three hardships upon the World Tree in his quest for the runes: he hanged himself, wounded himself with a spear, and suffered from hunger and thirst.
• Bor had three sons, Odin, Vili, and Vé.

• The Wiccan Rule of Three.
• The Triple Goddess: Maiden, Mother, Crone; the three fates.
• The sons of Cronus: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades.
• The Slavic god Triglav has three heads.

• The Theosophical Society has three conditions of membership.
• Gurdjieff's Three Centers and the Law of Three.
• Liber AL vel Legis, the central scripture of the religion of Thelema, consists of three chapters, corresponding to three divine narrators respectively: Nuit, Hadit and Ra-Hoor-Khuit.
• The Triple Greatness of Hermes Trismegistus is an important theme in Hermeticism.

Three (三, formal writing: 叁, pinyin sān, Cantonese: saam¹) is considered a good number in Chinese culture because it sounds like the word "alive" (生 pinyin shēng, Cantonese: saang¹), compared to four (四, pinyin: sì, Cantonese: sei¹), which sounds like the word "death" (死 pinyin sǐ, Cantonese: sei²).

Counting to three is common in situations where a group of people wish to perform an action in synchrony: Now, on the count of three, everybody pull! Assuming the counter is proceeding at a uniform rate, the first two counts are necessary to establish the rate, and the count of "three" is predicted based on the timing of the "one" and "two" before it. Three is likely used instead of some other number because it requires the minimal amount counts while setting a rate.

There is another superstition that it is unlucky to take a third light, that is, to be the third person to light a cigarette from the same match or lighter. This superstition is sometimes asserted to have originated among soldiers in the trenches of the First World War when a sniper might see the first light, take aim on the second and fire on the third.^{[citation needed]}

The phrase "Third time's the charm" refers to the superstition that after two failures in any endeavor, a third attempt is more likely to succeed. This is also sometimes seen in reverse, as in "third man [to do something, presumably forbidden] gets caught". ^{[citation needed]}

Luck, especially bad luck, is often said to "come in threes".^[24]

• A number of film versions of the novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas: (1921, 1933, 1948, 1973, 1992, 1993 and 2011).
• 3 Days of the Condor (1975), starring Robert Redford, Faye Dunaway, Cliff Robertson, and Max von Sydow.
• Three Amigos (1986), comedy film starring Steve Martin, Chevy Chase, and Martin Short.
• Three Kings (1999), starring George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg, Ice Cube, and Spike Jonze.
• 3 Days to Kill (2014), starring Kevin Costner.
• Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), starring Frances McDormand, Woody Harrelson, Sam Rockwell.

• Cube (algebra) – (3 superscript)
• Thrice
• Third
• Triad
• Trio
• Rule of three
• ɜ, U+025C ɜ LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E also known as Reversed epsilon
• List of highways numbered 3

• Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 46–48

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