The Man and the Lion
The man and the lion (disputing) is one of Aesop's Fables and is numbered 284 in the Perry Index.[1] An alternative title is The lion and the statue. The story's moral is that the source of evidence should be examined before it is accepted.
The fable
A man and a lion are walking in company and dispute which of them is superior. The man points to a statue of a lion being subdued by a man as his evidence. In the Greek version, the lion retorts that if lions could sculpt, they would show themselves as the victors, drawing the moral that honesty outweighs boasting.[2]
The commentator Francisco Rodríguez Adrados places the fable among those dialogues where boasting is logically refuted[3] and cites as a parallel a pre-Aesopic tale in which a fox and a monkey are on a similar journey. The monkey points to the tombs of humans as those of his ancestors and the fox replies that it is easy for him to lie about those who cannot contradict.[4] Adrados then goes on to cite as another parallel the sceptical comment by Xenophanes that "if oxen and horses or lions had hands, and could paint with their hands, and produce works of art as men do, horses would paint the forms of the gods like horses, and oxen like oxen, and make their bodies in the image of their several kinds."[5]
Adrados traces the fable of the man and the lion to adaptations of common stories in "a Hellenistic collection of abbreviated fables that in the second century AD received a prosaic form through the work of an unknown author. This prosaic form was later more or less altered in a number of variants."[6] A similar retort to that recorded in the fable appears in Plutarch's second-century record of the sayings of the Spartans: "Someone on seeing a painting in which Spartans were depicted as slain by Athenians, kept repeating, 'Brave, brave Athenians.' A Spartan cut in with, 'Yes, in the picture!'"[7]
Other versions of the fable are similarly sceptical of self-interested claims. Where the lion of Aphthonius declines to accept the statue as evidence, on learning that it was made by a man, in the late Latin version of Ademar of Chabannes the lion takes the man to an amphitheatre to demonstrate what happens in reality,[8] while William Caxton has the lion pounce on the man to make its point.[9] Jefferys Taylor, however, argues facetiously, at the end of his Aesop in Rhyme (1820), that it is the fact that lions cannot sculpt which is the true proof of their inferiority.[10]
During the Middle Ages some accounts substituted a painting for a statue, and it was following these that Jean de La Fontaine created his Le lion abattu par l'homme (The lion subdued by the man, III.10).[11] There a passing lion retorts to those admiring a hunting scene that if lions could paint the picture would be different. Later illustrators wove whimsical variations on this. Gustave Doré pictured the admirers of a statue in an art gallery in full flight before a bystanding lion. Grandville pictured the lion with artists' implements engaged on his version of the story.[12] Benjamin Rabier's comic publication paired a group of admiring connoisseurs with a pendant of a lion creating his own painting in the desert.[13]
In commenting on the story, Roger L'Estrange pointed out that "'Tis against the rules of common justice for men to be judges in their own case".[14] A later feminist critique makes the same point,[15] citing Geoffrey Chaucer's Wyf of Bath, who in defence of her sex demanded "Who peyntede the leoun, tel me who?" and continued the fable's moral in much the same terms as the lion there.[16]
See also
- Xenophanes#Theology for quotes on anthropomorphic bias
References
- ^ Aesopica
- ^ Aphthonius, fable 34
- ^ Adrados, History of the Graeco-Latin Fable, Vol. II, p. 295
- ^ Adrados, History of the Graeco-Latin Fable, Vol. III, p. 23
- ^ John Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, "Fragments of Xenophanes" 15
- ^ Adrados, History of the Graeco-Latin Fable, Vol. II, pp. 230 ff
- ^ Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica (Sayings of the Spartans) #9
- ^ Fable 52
- ^ Fables 4.15
- ^ Fable XXIV
- ^ French text
- ^ Flickr
- ^ Fables de La Fontaine, illustrées par Benjamin Rabier (Paris 1906), p. 62
- ^ Fables of Aesop 240
- ^ Lindsay Ann Reid, Ovidian Bibliofictions and the Tudor Book: Metamorphosing Classical Heroines, Routledge 2016, ch.2
- ^ G. A. Rudd, The Complete Critical Guide to Geoffrey Chaucer, Routledge 2001, p. 78
External links
- 16th–19th century Illustrations from books
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Fables
- The Ant and the Grasshopper
- The Ass and his Masters
- The Ass and the Pig
- The Ass Carrying an Image
- The Ass in the Lion's Skin
- The Astrologer who Fell into a Well
- The Bear and the Travelers
- The Belly and the Members
- The Bird-catcher and the Blackbird
- The Bird in Borrowed Feathers
- The Boy Who Cried Wolf
- The Cat and the Mice
- The Cock and the Jewel
- The Cock, the Dog and the Fox
- The Crow and the Pitcher
- The Crow and the Snake
- The Deer without a Heart
- The Dog and Its Reflection
- The Dog and the Wolf
- The Dove and the Ant
- The Eagle and the Fox
- The Farmer and the Stork
- The Farmer and the Viper
- The Fir and the Bramble
- The Fisherman and the Little Fish
- The Fowler and the Snake
- The Fox and the Crow
- The Fox and the Grapes
- The Fox and the Lion
- The Fox and the Mask
- The Fox and the Sick Lion
- The Fox and the Stork
- The Fox and the Weasel
- The Fox and the Woodman
- The Frog and the Ox
- The Frogs Who Desired a King
- The Goat and the Vine
- The Goose that Laid the Golden Eggs
- The Honest Woodcutter
- The Horse and the Donkey
- The Horse that Lost its Liberty
- The Lion and the Mouse
- The Lion, the Bear and the Fox
- The Man with Two Mistresses
- The Mischievous Dog
- The Miser and his Gold
- The Moon and her Mother
- The Mountain in Labour
- The Mouse and the Oyster
- The North Wind and the Sun
- The Oak and the Reed
- The Old Man and Death
- The Old Woman and the Doctor
- The Rose and the Amaranth
- The Satyr and the Traveller
- The Sick Kite
- The Snake and the Crab
- The Snake in the Thorn Bush
- The Tortoise and the Hare
- Town Mouse and Country Mouse
- The Travellers and the Plane Tree
- The Trees and the Bramble
- The Two Pots
- The Walnut Tree
- Washing the Ethiopian White
- The Weasel and Aphrodite
- The Wolf and the Crane
- The Wolf and the Lamb
- The Woodcutter and the Trees
- The Young Man and the Swallow
- An ass eating thistles
- The Bear and the Gardener
- Belling the Cat (also known as The Mice in Council)
- The Blind Man and the Lame
- The Boy and the Filberts
- Chanticleer and the Fox
- The Dog in the Manger
- The drowned woman and her husband
- The Elm and the Vine
- The Fox and the Cat
- The Gourd and the Palm-tree
- The Hawk and the Nightingale
- The miller, his son and the donkey
- The Monkey and the Cat
- The Priest and the Wolf
- The Scorpion and the Frog
- The Shepherd and the Lion
adaptations
- Aesop's Film Fables
- The Grasshopper and the Ants
adaptations
- Demetrius of Phalerum
- Phaedrus
- Babrius
- Avianus
- Dositheus Magister
- Alexander Neckam
- Adémar de Chabannes
- Odo of Cheriton
- John Lydgate
- Kawanabe Kyōsai
- Laurentius Abstemius
- Roger L'Estrange
- Gabriele Faerno
- Hieronymus Osius
- Marie de France
- Robert Henryson
- Jean de La Fontaine
- Ivan Krylov
- Nicolas Trigault
- Robert Thom
- Zhou Zuoren