Thermodynamic integration
Thermodynamic integration is a method used to compare the difference in free energy between two given states (e.g., A and B) whose potential energies and have different dependences on the spatial coordinates. Because the free energy of a system is not simply a function of the phase space coordinates of the system, but is instead a function of the Boltzmann-weighted integral over phase space (i.e. partition function), the free energy difference between two states cannot be calculated directly from the potential energy of just two coordinate sets (for state A and B respectively). In thermodynamic integration, the free energy difference is calculated by defining a thermodynamic path between the states and integrating over ensemble-averaged enthalpy changes along the path. Such paths can either be real chemical processes or alchemical processes. An example alchemical process is the Kirkwood's coupling parameter method.[1]
Derivation
Consider two systems, A and B, with potential energies and . The potential energy in either system can be calculated as an ensemble average over configurations sampled from a molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulation with proper Boltzmann weighting. Now consider a new potential energy function defined as:
Here, is defined as a coupling parameter with a value between 0 and 1, and thus the potential energy as a function of varies from the energy of system A for and system B for . In the canonical ensemble, the partition function of the system can be written as:
In this notation, is the potential energy of state in the ensemble with potential energy function as defined above. The free energy of this system is defined as:
- ,
If we take the derivative of F with respect to λ, we will get that it equals the ensemble average of the derivative of potential energy with respect to λ.
The change in free energy between states A and B can thus be computed from the integral of the ensemble averaged derivatives of potential energy over the coupling parameter .[2] In practice, this is performed by defining a potential energy function , sampling the ensemble of equilibrium configurations at a series of values, calculating the ensemble-averaged derivative of with respect to at each value, and finally computing the integral over the ensemble-averaged derivatives.
Umbrella sampling is a related free energy method. It adds a bias to the potential energy. In the limit of an infinite strong bias it is equivalent to thermodynamic integration.[3]
See also
- Free energy perturbation
- Bennett acceptance ratio
- Parallel tempering
- Alchemy
References
- ^ Kirkwood, John G. (1935). "Statistical Mechanics of Fluid Mixtures". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 3 (5): 300–313. Bibcode:1935JChPh...3..300K. doi:10.1063/1.1749657.
- ^ Frenkel, Daan and Smit, Berend. Understanding Molecular Simulation: From Algorithms to Applications. Academic Press, 2007
- ^ J Kästner; et al. (2006). "QM/MM Free-Energy Perturbation Compared to Thermodynamic Integration and Umbrella Sampling: Application to an Enzymatic Reaction". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 2 (2): 452–461. doi:10.1021/ct050252w. PMID 26626532.