Titus van Rijn
Titus van Rijn | |
---|---|
Portrait of Titus by his father (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) | |
Born | (1641-09-22)September 22, 1641 Amsterdam |
Died | September 4, 1668(1668-09-04) (aged 26) Amsterdam |
Resting place | Westerkerk, Amsterdam |
Spouse | Magdalena van Loo |
Children | Titia van Rijn |
Parent(s) | Rembrandt van Rijn Saskia van Uylenburgh |
Titus van Rijn (22 September 1641 – 4 September 1668) was the fourth and only surviving child of Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn and Saskia van Uylenburgh. He is known as a model in his father's paintings and studies, as an art-dealer but also because of a legal case. Titus and Rembrandt were Saskia's only heirs.[1][2]
Early life
Titus grew up in what is now Rembrandthuis. Around 1643, Geertje Dircx was hired as his caretaker and dry nurser. In May 1649 she and Rembrandt quarreled, probably as a consequence of Rembrandt's new relationship with Hendrickje Stoffels.
At age 14, in 1655, a year of plague, Titus made a will at his father's insistence, making his father sole heir, shutting out his mother’s family. In 1656 Rembrandt “assigned” his share in the house to Titus just four weeks prior to the application for cessio bonorum.[3] After Rembrandt's bankruptcy, Rembrandt lost the guardianship of his son and thus control over his actions. A new guardian, Louis Crayers, claimed the house in settlement of Titus’s debt.[4] By February 1658, Rembrandt' house was sold at a foreclosure auction, and the family moved from Jodenbreestraat to more modest lodgings at Rozengracht.[5] The authorities and his creditors were generally accommodating to Rembrandt but he could not sell anything without their knowledge. To get around this, Hendrickje and Titus set up a dummy corporation as art dealers in 1660, with Rembrandt who had board and lodging, to continue his artistic pursuits.[6][7]
In 1661, they secured a contract for a major project at the newly completed town hall. The resulting work, The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis, painted outside the house, was rejected by the mayors and returned to the painter within a few weeks; the surviving fragment (in Stockholm) is only a quarter of the original.[8] When Hendrickje died in July 1663 Titus assumed a more prominent role. In 1665 he was declared adult to handle his affairs, while Rembrandt struggled with rent arrears.[9]
Titus was the largest and preferential creditor of his father, meaning that, if Rembrandt went insolvent, Titus became the first person to be paid off, before any other creditors could step in.[10] In 1662 one of Rembrandt's creditors went to the High Court as he didn't accept Titus had to be paid first.[11] Isaac van Hertsbeeck lost twice and had to pay back the money he had already received to Titus, which he did in 1668.[12] In the end it was especially Cornelis Jan Witsen who profited from the sale at the expense of Titus.[13]
Marriage and death
In February 1668, Titus married the daughter of a silversmith, Magdalena van Loo (1641-1669), related to his aunt in het Bildt. He moved in at her mother's house at Singel and owned quite a few paintings by Adriaen Brouwer.[14] Titus died on 4 September 1668 and was buried three days later. Six months later, the widow gave birth to Titia.[15] As one of Rembrandt's heirs and in the possession of his keys, Magdalena did not wish to declare herself legatee but wanted to reserve the right and [decide] later on.[16] Titus' considerable inheritance of 12,000 guilders passed to Titia, who married in Sloten her cousin François Bijler, and died at Blauwburgwal.[17][18]
References
- ^ Ruysscher, D. D., & ’T Veld, C. I. (2021). Rembrandt’s insolvency: The artist as legal actor, Oud Holland–Journal for Art of the Low Countries, 134(1), 9-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/18750176-13401002
- ^ VUB researchers study artist’s financial management
- ^ VUB researchers study artist’s financial management
- ^ Ruysscher, Dave De; Veld, Cornelis In ’T (26 April 2021). "Rembrandt's insolvency: The artist as legal actor" (PDF). Oud Holland – Journal for Art of the Low Countries. 134 (1): 9–24. doi:10.1163/18750176-13401002. S2CID 236619973 – via brill.com.
- ^ "Inventarissen". archief.amsterdam.
- ^ Clark, 1974 p. 105
- ^ "De geldzaken van Rembrandt - Stadsarchief Amsterdam".
- ^ Clark 1974, pp. 60–61
- ^ "380 Whitewashing Rembrandt, part 2 – Gary Schwartz Art Historian". 1 March 2020.
- ^ Wexuan, Li. "Review of: 'Rembrandts plan: De ware geschiedenis van zijn faillissement", Oud Holland Reviews, April 2020.
- ^ Ruysscher, D. D., & ’T Veld, C. I. (2021). Rembrandt’s insolvency: The artist as legal actor, Oud Holland – Journal for Art of the Low Countries, 134(1), 9-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/18750176-13401002
- ^ Wexuan, Li. "Review of: 'Rembrandts plan: De ware geschiedenis van zijn faillissement", Oud Holland Reviews, April 2020.
- ^ in 't Veld, M. (2019). Rembrandts boedelafstand: Een institutionele en politieke benadering. Pro Memorie : Bijdragen tot de rechtsgeschiedenis der Nederlanden, 21(1), 72-89. https://doi.org/10.5117/PM2019.1.004.VELD
- ^ S.A.C. Dudok van Heel (1987) Dossier Rembrandt
- ^ "Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn". rembrandtpainting.net. Rembrandt Biography and Chronology. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ https://bobwessels.nl/blog/2019-10-doc2-r-i-p-rembrandt-4-october-1669/
- ^ Dudok van Heel, S.A.C. (1987) Dossier Rembrandt, pp. 86–88
- ^ Amsterdam City Archive
External links
Media related to Titus van Rijn at Wikimedia Commons
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- The Senses (1624–25)
- The Stoning of Saint Stephen (1625)
- Suffer little children to come unto me (1620s)
- History Painting (1626)
- Balaam and the Ass (1626)
- The Baptism of the Eunuch (1626)
- Bust of a Man Wearing a Gorget and Plumed Beret (1626)
- Tobit and Anna with the Kid (c. 1626)
- The Flight into Egypt (1627)
- The Parable of the Rich Fool (1627)
- The Artist in his Studio (1628)
- Samson and Delilah (1629–30)
- Anna and the Blind Tobit (c. 1630)
- The Raising of Lazarus (c. 1630–1632)
- Andromeda Chained to the Rocks (1631)
- The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1631)
- Christ with a Staff (1631)
- Christ on the Cross (1631)
- Old Man with a Gold Chain (c. 1631)
- Philosopher in Meditation (1632)
- The Abduction of Europa (1632)
- Adoration of the Magi (1632–1633)
- The Shipbuilder and his Wife (1633)
- The Storm on the Sea of Galilee (1633) 2
- A Lady and Gentleman in Black (1633)
- Raising of the Cross (1633)
- Descent from the Cross (1633)
- Diana Bathing with her Nymphs with Actaeon and Callisto (1634)
- Flora (1634)
- Artemisia (1634)
- Pendant portraits of Maerten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit (1634)
- Descent from the Cross (1634)
- Belshazzar's Feast (1635)
- Minerva (1635)
- The Prodigal Son in the Brothel (c. 1635)
- Raising of the Cross (study) (c. 1635)
- The Rape of Ganymede (1635)
- The Entombment of Christ (1635)
- Samson Threatening His Father-In-Law (1635)
- The Standard Bearer (1636)
- Danaë (1636)
- The Blinding of Samson (1636)
- Landscape with Arched Bridge (c. 1636-1637)
- The Preacher Eleazar Swalmius (1637)
- The Archangel Raphael Leaving Tobias' Family (1637)
- The Stone Bridge (1637)
- The Wedding Feast of Samson (1638)
- Landscape with the Good Samaritan (1638)
- Still Life with Peacocks (c. 1639)
- The Girl in a Picture Frame (1641)
- The Scholar at the Lectern (1641)
- The Night Watch (1642)
- Concord of the State (1642)
- David and Jonathan (1642)
- Boaz and Ruth (1643)
- The Woman Taken in Adultery (1644)
- Joseph's Dream (1645)
- The Holy Family with Angels (1645)
- The Mill (1645–1648)
- Abraham Serving the Three Angels (1646)
- Susanna and the Elders (1647)
- Head of Christ (1648)
- The Kitchen Maid (1651)
- Descent from the Cross (1650–1652)
- Saul and David (c. 1652) 1
- Aristotle with a Bust of Homer (1653)
- A Woman Bathing in a Stream (1654)
- Bathsheba at Her Bath (1654)
- The Polish Rider (1655) 1
- Slaughtered Ox (1655)
- Pallas Athene (c. 1655)
- The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman (1656)
- Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph (1656)
- Courtesan at her Mirror (1657)
- Saint Bartholomew (1657)
- Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (1659)
- Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther (1660)
- The Denial of Saint Peter (1660)
- Titus as a Monk (1660)
- The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis (1661)
- Saint Matthew and the Angel (1661)
- Syndics of the Drapers' Guild (1662)
- Homer Dictating his Verses (1663)
- The Jewish Bride (1664)
- Lucretia (1664) 1
- David and Uriah (c. 1665)
- Young Woman with a Lapdog (1665)
- Lucretia (1666)
- The Return of the Prodigal Son (1662–1669)
- Landscape with a Castle
- Portrait of Nicolaes Ruts (1631)
- Portrait of a Man (1632)
- Portrait of a Woman (1632)
- Portrait of Jacob de Gheyn III (1632)
- Aeltje Pietersdr Uylenburgh (1632)
- Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair (1633)
- Oval Portrait of a Woman (1633)
- Portrait of Marten Soolmans (1634)
- Portrait of Oopjen Coppit (1634)
- Portrait of Petronella Buys (1635)
- A Polish Nobleman (1637)
- Portrait of Maria Trip (1639)
- Portrait of Jan Six (1654)
- Portrait of Catharina Hooghsaet (1657)
- Portrait of a Man (1657)
- Portrait of a Man with Arms Akimbo (1658)
- Portrait of Dirck van Os (c. 1662)
- Self-Portrait with Dishevelled Hair (1628)
- Rembrandt Laughing (1628)
- Self-Portrait (1629)
- Self-Portrait in a Gorget (c.1629)
- Portrait of a Young Man with a Golden Chain (1635) (disputed)
- Self-Portrait Wearing a White Feathered Bonnet (1635)
- Self-Portrait at the Age of 34 (1640)
- Self-Portrait (1652)
- Self-Portrait in a Black Beret and Gold Chain (1654)
- Self-Portrait (1658)
- Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar (1659)
- Self-Portrait (1660)
- Self-Portrait as the Apostle Paul (1662)
- Self-Portrait as Zeuxis Laughing (1662)
- Self-Portrait with Two Circles (1665–1669)
- Self-Portrait (c. 1669)
- Self-Portrait at the Age of 63 (1669)
(including etchings)
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- The Artist and his Model (1639)
- The Death of the Virgin (1639)
- The Mill (1641)
- The Three Trees (1643)
- The State Bed (1646)
- Portrait of Jan Six (1647)
- Hundred Guilder Print (1647–1649)
- Conus Marmoreus (1650)
- Goldweigher's Field (1651)
- Doctor Fautrieus (1652)
- Descent from the Cross by Torchlight (1652)
- The Three Crosses (1653)
- The Virgin and Child with a Cat (1654)
- Christ Presented to the People (1655)
- Mughal drawings
Rembrandt
- Bibliography of Rembrandt
- Cultural depictions of Rembrandt
- Rembrandt (1936 film)
- Rembrandt (1940 film)
- Rembrandt (1942 film)
- Rembrandt: A Self-Portrait (1954 documentary film)
- Rembrandt fecit 1669 (1977 film)
- The Anatomy Lesson (1995 novel)
- Rembrandt (1999 film)
- Stealing Rembrandt (2003 film)
- Nightwatching (2007 film )
- Rembrandt's J'Accuse (2008 documentary)
- I Am Rembrandt's Daughter (2008 novel)
- The Rembrandt Affair (2010 novel)
- Rembrandt, Iowa
- Rembrandtplein
- Rembrandtpark
- Rembrandt (crater)
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- Vereniging Rembrandt (foundation)
- 1 Contested
- 2 Stolen in 1990