Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
Treaty for the Exchange of Sakhalin for the Kurile Islands | |
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Signed | 25 April (7 May) 1875 |
Location | Saint Petersburg, Russia |
Signatories |
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Parties |
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Language | French |
The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (Japanese: 樺太・千島交換条約, romanized: Karafuto-Chishima Kōkan Jōyaku; Russian: Петербургский договор) between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire was signed on 7 May 1875, and its ratifications exchanged at Tokyo on 22 August 1875. The treaty itself went into effect in 1877.[1]
Its terms stipulated that Japan cedes to Russia the part of Sakhalin island it then owned in exchange for the group of the Kuril Islands owned by Russia (between Iturup island and the Kamchatka Peninsula).[2][3][4] Consequently, Sakhalin island as a whole became Russian territory, and the entire Kuril archipelago Japanese territory.[5]
The authentic text of the treaty is written in French. Differences with its Japanese translation contributed to the controversy on what constitutes the Kuril islands, claims to which Japan renounced in 1951 by the Treaty of San Francisco. The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) is part of an ongoing, and long-standing, territorial dispute between Russia and Japan over the jurisdiction of the Kuril Islands.
Background
Golovnin Incident
In 1811, Vasily Golovnin, a Russian explorer tasked by Tsar Alexander I with mapping the Kuril Islands, was captured by the Japanese. When Golovnin and his crew aboard the ship Diana approached Kunashir Island, they were taken ashore and imprisoned for violating Sakoku, or Japanese isolationist policies.[6] Golovnin and his crew were held prisoner for two years and were released in 1813. This event, known as the Golovnin Incident, demonstrated that the border between Russia and Japan was too vague for the Russian Empire, and that to avoid another episode such as Golovnin's, the border needed to be clearly defined.[7]
Treaty of Shimoda
The Treaty of Shimoda of 1855 had defined the border between Japan and Russia to be the strait between Iturup (Etorofu) and Urup (Uruppu) islands in the Kurile chain, but had left the status of Sakhalin (Karafuto) open. Without well-defined borders, incidents between Russian and Japanese settlers began to occur. In order to remedy this situation, the Japanese government sent an ambassador, Enomoto Takeaki, to Saint Petersburg to clearly define the border in this area. After a year of negotiations, Japan agreed to renounce its claims to Sakhalin, with compensation for Japanese residents, access by the fishing fleet to the Sea of Okhotsk, ten-years free use of Russian ports in the area and ownership of all of the Kuril Islands.[citation needed] The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs still cites this treaty as the justification for treating the Kuril Islands as its the northernmost territory.[8]
Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island
A precursor to the Saint Petersburg Treaty was the Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island, following another incident where a Japanese official was arrested near Kusunai (now Ilyinskoye). This provisional treaty was signed on March 30, 1867, but had no effect as both sides could not agree on the stipulating terms.[citation needed]
Effects Post-1875
Treaty of Portsmouth
The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the Russo-Japanese War on September 5, 1905. Its terms stipulated that Russia cede the southern half of Sakhalin to Japan at fifty degrees North latitude.[9] This treaty changed the border between Russian and Japanese territories as had been previously decided by the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg.[citation needed]
Treaty of San Francisco
The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, effectively ended the war between the Allies of World War II and Japan. This treaty was signed by 48 allied countries, excluding the Soviet Union.[citation needed] Article 2 Section C of the treaty stated that "Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands, and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth of September 5, 1905."[10] This did not, however, give the Kuril Islands to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union refused to sign the Treaty of San Francisco for these reasons, with Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko stating the Soviet claim to the Kuril[e] islands and Sakhalin as being "indisputable."[11]
Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration (1956)
Since the Soviet Union did not sign the Treaty of San Francisco, the war between Japan and the Soviet Union was not officially ended until the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956. This declaration did not end the dispute over Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, as it set precedence for a peace treaty to be created in the future that would solve the issue of the Kuril Islands.[citation needed] The declaration stated that the Soviet Union would cede Shikotan Island and the Habomai Islands after the peace treaty was signed,[12] but such a treaty never happened.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ "Красносельских И.М. Административное право как способ влияния на профилактику преступлений". Административное и муниципальное право. 2 (2): 143–148. February 2016. doi:10.7256/1999-2807.2016.2.17637. ISSN 1999-2807.
- ^ G. Patrick March (1996). Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-95566-4.
- ^ Tim Chapman (2001). Imperial Russia, 1801–1905. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-23109-4.
- ^ Thierry Mormanne (1992). "Le problème des Kouriles: pour un retour à Saint-Pétersbourg", in: Cipango, N° 1, Paris, pp. 58–89. ISSN 1164-5857.
- ^ Biriukov, Pavel (December 2014). "Development of the Kuril Islands by the Russian Empire". Bylye Gody. 34: 524–528 – via http://ejournal52.com.
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- ^ McCree, Harold; Rimer, J. Thomas (1996). "A Hidden Fire: Russian and Japanese Cultural Encounters 1868–1926". Pacific Affairs. 69 (1): 116. doi:10.2307/2760895. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2760895.
- ^ Kimura, Hiroshi; Ealey, Mark (2008-03-28). The Kurillian Knot. Stanford University Press. doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804758352.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-8047-5835-2.[page needed]
- ^ Japan's Northern Territories (Pamphlet). Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website.
- ^ "The Treaty of Portsmouth: An Adventure in American Diplomacy". The SHAFR Guide Online. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim080110139. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
- ^ "San Francisco Peace Treaty". Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website.
- ^ "Text of Gromyko's Statement on the Peace Treaty". Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website.
- ^ "Joint Declaration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan. Signed at Moscow, on 19 October 1956" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Series. 263: 99–117. 1957.
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(1854–1868)
- Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
- Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
- Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
- Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) [ja]
- Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
- Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856) [ja]
- Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
- Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
- London Protocol (1862)
- Agreement of Paris (1864) [ja]
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
- Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
(1868–1912)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
- Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
- Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
- Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
- US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
- Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
- Convention of Tientsin (1885)
- Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
- Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
- Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
- Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
- Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895) [ja]
- Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895) [ja]
- German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
- Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
- Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896) [ja]
- Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
- Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
- Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
- Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)
- Boxer Protocol (1901)
- Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
- Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903) [ja]
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
- Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
- Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
- Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
- Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905) [ja]
- Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
- Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
- Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
- Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
- Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909) [ja]
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
- North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
(1913–1945)
- Japan-China Treaty of 1915
- Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
- Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
- Treaty of Versailles (1919)
- Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
- Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
- Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
- Svalbard Treaty (1920)
- Gongota Agreement of 1920
- Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
- Treaty of Trianon (1921)
- Four-Power Treaty (1921)
- Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
- Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922) [ja]
- Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
- Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
- Klaipėda Convention (1924)
- Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
- German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
- Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
- Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
- London Naval Treaty (1930)
- Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
- Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
- Tanggu Truce (1933)
- India-Japan Agreement of 1934
- Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935) [ja]
- He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
- Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
- Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
- Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
- Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
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- India-Japan Agreement of 1937
- Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
- Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
- Tripartite Pact (1940)
- Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
- Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940) [ja]
- Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
- Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
- Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941) [ja]
- Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
(1945–1989)
- Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
- Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
- Treaty of Taipei (1952)
- Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
- Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
- Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
- Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
- Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
- Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
- Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
- Tokyo Convention (1963)
- Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
- Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
- Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
- Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
- Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
- Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
- Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
- Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
(1989–)
- US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
- South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
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- Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
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