Pembangkit listrik tenaga air di Daerah Aliran Sungai Mekong
Daerah Aliran Sungai Mekong memiliki potensi tenaga listrik yang besar. Sungai terbesar di Asia Tenggara ini melintas di enam negara, yaitu negara China, Myanmar, Kamboja, Thailand, Laos, dan Vietnam.[1] Bagian hilirnya (tidak termasuk Tiongkok), berpotensi menyediakan 30.000 MW tenaga air,[2][3] sementara bagian hulunya memiliki potensi 28.930 MW.[4] Pada bagian hilir, lebih dari 3.235 MW telah dimanfaatkan melalui fasilitas-fasilitas pembangkit listrik yang sebagian besar dibangun dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. Beberapa pembangkit yang tengah dibangun saat ini akan menyediakan tambahan daya sebesar 3.209 MW. Terdapat 134 proyek yang saat ini direncanakan untuk hilir Daerah Aliran Sungai Mekong.[5] Pembangkit listrik menjadi produk utama dari penggunaan dan pengelolaan Mekong.[6]
Kebutuhan tenaga listrik di wilayah sekitar Sungai Mekong diperkirakan akan naik antara tahun 2010 hingga 2030.[3] Hal ini akan mendorong pasar energi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. Tenaga listrik dari Daerah Aliran Sungai Mekong diperkirakan akan menjadi pilihan bagi negara-negara yang dilewatinya.[7][8]
Pengembangan Daerah Aliran Sungai Mekong merupakan hal yang cukup kontroversial dan menjadi topik menarik dalam setiap diskusi mengenai sungai tersebut.[9][10] Debat mengenai hal ini kerap kali ditemui di literatur akademik, media, dan kelompok aktivis.[11][12][13] Para pemerhati lingkungan telah memperingatkan bahwa bendungan akan membahayakan perikanan dan pertanian di sepanjang Mekong Hilir yang panjangnya 2.390 kilometer itu. Akan tetapi beberapa pejabat lainnya mengatakan bahwa rekor kekeringan dan rendahnya hasil tangkapan ikan selama setahun terakhir ini disebabkan oleh perubahan lingkungan dan penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan.[14]
Infrastruktur pembangkit listrik yang sudah dibangun
Tabel 1: Bendungan yang telah dioperasikan di Daerah Aliran Sungai Mekong (kapasitas daya sekitar 15 MW)[15]
Proyek | Negara | Sungai | Lokasi | Pengoperasian | Kapasitas yang tersedia (MW) | Rata-Rata Energi Tahunan (GWh) | Tinggi (m) | Panjang struktur (m) | Total kapasitas air (juta m3) | Luas reservoir maksimum (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dachaoshan | Mekong | 24°01′30″N 100°22′13″E / 24.024947°N 100.3703°E / 24.024947; 100.3703 (Dachaoshan Dam) | 2003 | 1,350 | 5,500 | 115 | 481 | 890 | 26.25 | |
Gongguoqiao | Mekong | 25°35′09″N 99°20′08″E / 25.585917°N 99.335567°E / 25.585917; 99.335567 (Gongguoqiao Dam) | 2012 | 900 | 4,041 | 105 | 356 | 316 | 343 | |
Nuozhadu | Mekong | 22°38′32″N 100°26′11″E / 22.642128°N 100.436336°E / 22.642128; 100.436336 (Nuozhadu Dam) | 2014 | 5,850 | 23,912 | 262 | 608 | 23,703 | 320 | |
Jinghong | Mekong | 22°03′12″N 100°45′59″E / 22.053206°N 100.766478°E / 22.053206; 100.766478 (Jinghong Dam) | 2009 | 1,750 | 5,570 | 108 | 705.5 | 1,140 | 510 | |
Manwan | Mekong | 24°37′20″N 100°26′55″E / 24.622086°N 100.448544°E / 24.622086; 100.448544 (Manwan Dam) | 1995 | 1,570 | 6,710 | 132 | 418 | 920 | 415 | |
Xiaowan | Mekong | 24°42′15″N 100°05′29″E / 24.7042226°N 100.091255°E / 24.7042226; 100.091255 (Xiaowan Dam) | 2010 | 4,200 | 18,990 | 295 | 893 | 14,560 | 194 | |
Jinfeng | Nan La He | 21°35′31″N 101°13′30″E / 21.592026°N 101.225135°E / 21.592026; 101.225135 (Jinfeng Dam) | 1998 | 16 | 64.3 | 45 | 19.48 | |||
Jinhe | Jin He | 30°48′22″N 97°19′59″E / 30.806181°N 97.332926°E / 30.806181; 97.332926 (Jinhe Dam) | 2004 | 60 | 367 | 34 | 68.4 | 4.27 | ||
Guoduo | Mekong | 31°31′45″N 97°11′29″E / 31.529089°N 97.191279°E / 31.529089; 97.191279 (Guoduo Dam) | 2015 | 160 | 823 | 93 | 235.5 | 83 | ||
Laoyinyan | Gua Lan Zi He/Shun Dian He | 24°28′09″N 99°49′03″E / 24.469128°N 99.81754°E / 24.469128; 99.81754 (Laoyinyan Dam) | 1997 | 16 | 4.2 | 1,092 | ||||
Nanhe 1 | Luo Zha He | 24°20′33″N 100°00′44″E / 24.342442°N 100.012183°E / 24.342442; 100.012183 (Nanhe 1 Dam) | 2009 | 40 | 170 | 56.8 | 148 | 11.36 | ||
Nanhe 2 | Luo Zha He | 24°22′38″N 100°03′00″E / 24.377086°N 100.050098°E / 24.377086; 100.050098 (Nanhe 2 Dam) | ? | 25 | 100 | |||||
Luozhahe 1 | Luo Zha He | 24°30′19″N 100°27′06″E / 24.505207°N 100.451749°E / 24.505207; 100.451749 (Luozhahe 1 Dam) | 2016 | 30 | 135 | 59 | 14.33 | |||
Xi'er He 1 | Xi'er He | 25°34′44″N 100°12′09″E / 25.578801°N 100.202419°E / 25.578801; 100.202419 (Xi'er He 1 Dam) | 1979 | 105 | 440 | |||||
Xi'er He 2 | Xi'er He | 25°33′43″N 100°07′52″E / 25.561991°N 100.131191°E / 25.561991; 100.131191 (Xi'er He 2 Dam) | 1987 | 50 | 37 | 122 | 0.2 | |||
Xi'er He 3 | Xi'er He | 25°33′31″N 100°06′28″E / 25.558584°N 100.107878°E / 25.558584; 100.107878 (Xi'er He 3 Dam) | 1988 | 50 | 223 | 21 | ||||
Xi'er He 4 | Xi'er He | 25°34′35″N 100°03′56″E / 25.576262°N 100.065574°E / 25.576262; 100.065574 (Xi'er He 4 Dam) | 1971 | 14 | ||||||
XunCun | Hei Hui Jiang | 25°25′19″N 99°59′36″E / 25.421835°N 99.993301°E / 25.421835; 99.993301 (XunCun Dam) | 1999 | 78 | 345 | 67 | 165 | 74 | ||
Houay Ho | Houayho/Xekong | 15°03′34″N 106°45′52″E / 15.059464°N 106.764377°E / 15.059464; 106.764377 (Houayho Dam) | 1999 | 152 | 450 | 79 | 3,530 | 37 | ||
Houay Lamphan | Xekong | 15°21′22″N 106°30′04″E / 15.356153°N 106.501106°E / 15.356153; 106.501106 (Houay Lamphan Dam) | 2015 | 88 | 480 | 77 | 74.5 | 140 | 9 | |
Nam Beng | Nam Beng | 19°56′47″N 101°14′15″E / 19.946436°N 101.237563°E / 19.946436; 101.237563 (Nam Beng Dam) | 2014 | 36 | 145 | 25.5 | 84.8 | 3,611 | 0.7 | |
Nam Khan 2 | Nam Khan | 19°41′07″N 102°22′11″E / 19.685364°N 102.369791°E / 19.685364; 102.369791 (Nam Khan 2 Dam) | 2015 | 130 | 558 | 160 | 405 | 30.5 | ||
Nam Khan 3 | Nam Khan | 19°44′49″N 102°13′22″E / 19.747016°N 102.222793°E / 19.747016; 102.222793 (Nam Khan 3 Dam) | 2016 | 88 | 480 | 77 | 74.5 | 140 | 9 | |
Nam Leuk | Nam Leuk/Nam Ngum | 18°26′15″N 102°56′48″E / 18.437406°N 102.94675°E / 18.437406; 102.94675 (Nam Leuk Dam) | 2000 | 60 | 215 | 51.5 | 800 | 185 | 17.2 | |
Nam Lik 1-2 | Nam Lik | 18°47′38″N 102°07′00″E / 18.793782°N 102.116714°E / 18.793782; 102.116714 (Nam Lik 1-2 Dam) | 2010 | 100 | 435 | 103 | 328 | 11 | 24.4 | |
Nam Mang 1 | Nam Mang | 18°32′03″N 103°11′47″E / 18.53423°N 103.196286°E / 18.53423; 103.196286 (Nam Mang 1 Dam) | 2016 | 64 | 225 | 70 | 280 | 16.5 | 0.148 | |
Nam Mang 3 | Nam Gnogn | 18°20′58″N 102°45′55″E / 18.349383°N 102.765244°E / 18.349383; 102.765244 (Nam Mang 3 Dam) | 2004 | 40 | 150 | 28 | 151 | 49 | 10 | |
Nam Ngiep 2 | Nam Ngiep | 19°18′00″N 103°21′08″E / 19.299877°N 103.352263°E / 19.299877; 103.352263 (Nam Ngiep 2 Dam) | 2015 | 180 | 732 | |||||
Nam Ngiep 3A | Nam Ngiep | 19°14′37″N 103°17′02″E / 19.243546°N 103.283913°E / 19.243546; 103.283913 (Nam Ngiep 3A Dam) | 2014 | 44 | 152 | 1.8 | ||||
Nam Ngum 1 | Nam Ngum | 18°31′52″N 102°32′51″E / 18.531068°N 102.547577°E / 18.531068; 102.547577 (Nam Ngum 1 Dam) | 1971 | 148.7 | 1,006 | 75 | 468 | 4,700 | 370 | |
Nam Ngum 2 | Nam Ngum | 18°45′19″N 102°46′35″E / 18.755374°N 102.776476°E / 18.755374; 102.776476 (Nam Ngum 2 Dam) | 2011 | 615 | 2,300 | 182 | 421 | 3,590 | 122.2 | |
Nam Ngum 5 | Nam Ngum | 19°21′22″N 102°37′16″E / 19.356095°N 102.621196°E / 19.356095; 102.621196 (Nam Ngum 5 Dam) | 2012 | 120 | 507 | 99 | 235 | 314 | 15 | |
Nam Theun 2 | Nam Theun/Xe Bangfai | 17°59′50″N 104°57′08″E / 17.997353°N 104.952306°E / 17.997353; 104.952306 (Nam Theun 2 Dam) | 2010 | 1,075 | 5,936 | 48 | 325 | 3,500 | 450 | |
Nam Ou 2 | Nam Ou | 20°24′42″N 102°28′22″E / 20.411698°N 102.472817°E / 20.411698; 102.472817 (Nam Ou 2 Dam) | 2016 | 120 | 546 | 49 | 352 | 121.7 | 15.7 | |
Nam Ou 5 | Nam Ou | 21°24′41″N 102°20′39″E / 21.411349°N 102.344263°E / 21.411349; 102.344263 (Nam Ou 5 Dam) | 2016 | 240 | 1,049 | 74 | 335 | 17.22 | ||
Nam Ou 6 | Nam Ou | 21°24′41″N 102°20′39″E / 21.411349°N 102.344263°E / 21.411349; 102.344263 (Nam Ou 6 Dam) | 2016 | 180 | 739 | 88 | 409 | 17.01 | ||
Theun-Hinboun | Nam Theun | 18°15′40″N 104°33′45″E / 18.261005°N 104.562525°E / 18.261005; 104.562525 (Theun-Hinboun Hydropower Plant) | 1998 | 220 | 1,645 | 48 | 810 | 1,300 | 49 | |
Theun-Hinboun Expansion Project | Nam Gnouang | 18°17′50″N 104°38′10″E / 18.297248°N 104.636171°E / 18.297248; 104.636171 (Theun-Hinboun Expansion Project) | 2013 | 222 | 1,395 | 65 | 480 | 2,450 | 49 | |
Xe Kaman 3 | Xe Kaman | 15°25′31″N 107°21′45″E / 15.425194°N 107.362611°E / 15.425194; 107.362611 (Xe Kaman 3 Dam) | 2014 | 250 | 1,000 | 102 | 543 | 141.5 | 5.2 | |
Xeset 1 | Xeset | 15°29′31″N 106°16′43″E / 15.49200°N 106.27867°E / 15.49200; 106.27867 (Xeset 1 Dam) | 1994 | 45 | 154 | 18 | 124 | |||
Xeset 2 | Xeset | 15°24′14″N 106°16′49″E / 15.403775°N 106.280332°E / 15.403775; 106.280332 (Xeset 1 Dam) | 2009 | 76 | 309 | 26 | 144 | |||
A Luoi | A Sap | 16°11′51″N 107°09′43″E / 16.197619°N 107.161897°E / 16.197619; 107.161897 (A Luoi Dam) | 2012 | 170 | 686 | 49.5 | 208 | |||
Buon Kuop | Sre Pok | 12°31′30″N 107°55′33″E / 12.52504°N 107.925762°E / 12.52504; 107.925762 (Buon Kop Dam) | 2009 | 280 | 1,455 | 47 | ||||
Buon Tua Sra | Se San/Krong Po Ko | 12°16′56″N 108°02′29″E / 12.282116°N 108.041299°E / 12.282116; 108.041299 (Buon Tua Srah Dam) | 2009 | 86 | 359 | 41 | ||||
Dray Hlinh 2 | Sre Pok | 12°40′33″N 107°54′14″E / 12.6757°N 107.903978°E / 12.6757; 107.903978 (Dray Hinh 2 Dam) | 2007 | 16 | 85 | |||||
Plei Krong | Se San/Krong Po Ko | 14°24′30″N 107°51′47″E / 14.408227°N 107.862991°E / 14.408227; 107.862991 (Plei Krong Dam) | 2008 | 100 | 479 | 65 | 745 | 1,049 | 53 | |
Sesan 3 | Sesan | 14°12′57″N 107°43′19″E / 14.215816°N 107.722061°E / 14.215816; 107.722061 (Sesan 3 Dam) | 2006 | 260 | 1,224 | 79 | 6.4 | |||
Sesan 3A | Sesan | 14°12′55.13″N 107°43′20.15″E / 14.2153139°N 107.7222639°E / 14.2153139; 107.7222639 (Sesan 3A Dam) | 2007 | 96 | ||||||
Sesan 4 | Sesan | 14°6′23.02″N 107°39′28.08″E / 14.1063944°N 107.6578000°E / 14.1063944; 107.6578000 (Sesan 4 Dam) | 2009 | 360 | 60 | 54 | ||||
Sre Pok 3 | Sre Pok | 12°45′2.78″N 107°52′34.32″E / 12.7507722°N 107.8762000°E / 12.7507722; 107.8762000 (Sre Pok 3 Dam) | 2009 | 220 | 52.5 | |||||
Yali Falls | Sesan | 14°13′38.93″N 107°49′46.55″E / 14.2274806°N 107.8295972°E / 14.2274806; 107.8295972 (Yali Falls Dam) | 2001 | 720 | 65 | 1,460 | 1,037 | 64.5 | ||
Chulabhorn | Nam Phrom | 16°32′11″N 101°39′00″E / 16.536267°N 101.650036°E / 16.536267; 101.650036 (Chulabhorn Dam) | 1972 | 40 | 93 | 70 | 700 | 165 | 31 | |
Pak Mun | Mun | 15°16′55″N 105°28′05″E / 15.2818942°N 105.468058°E / 15.2818942; 105.468058 (Pak Mun Dam) | 1994 | 136 | 280 | 17 | 300 | |||
Sirindhorn | Lam Dom Noi | 15°12′23″N 105°25′45″E / 15.206339°N 105.429156°E / 15.206339; 105.429156 (Siridhorn Dam) | 1971 | 36 | 86 | 42 | 940 | 1,967 | 288 | |
Ubol Ratana | Nam Pong | 16°46′31″N 102°37′06″E / 16.775394°N 102.618325°E / 16.775394; 102.618325 (Ubol Ratana Dam) | 1966 | 25.2 | 57 | 35.1 | 885 | 2,559 | 410 | |
Lam Ta Khong | Lam Ta Khong | 14°51′55″N 101°33′37″E / 14.865175°N 101.560303°E / 14.865175; 101.560303 (Lam Ta Khong Dam) | 1974 | 500 | 400 | 40.3 | 251 | 310 | 37 |
Infrastruktur pembangkit listrik yang sedang dibangun
Tabel 2: Pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang tengah dibangun di Daerah Aliran Sungai Mekong[15]
Proyek | Negara | Sungai | Lokasi | Target pengoperasian | Kapasitas yang tersedia (MW) | Rata-Rata Energi Tahunan (GWh) | Tinggi (m) | Panjang struktur (m) | Total kapasitas air (juta m3) | Luas reservoir maksimum (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dahuaqiao | Mekong | 26°18′29″N 99°08′21″E / 26.308096°N 99.139288°E / 26.308096; 99.139288 (Dahuaqiao Dam) | 2018 | 920 | 4,070 | 106 | 231.5 | 293 | ||
Huangdeng | Mekong | 26°32′54″N 99°06′46″E / 26.548199°N 99.112669°E / 26.548199; 99.112669 (Huangdeng Dam) | 2018 | 1,900 | 8,578 | 203 | 457 | 1,613 | ||
Lidi | Mekong | 27°50′53″N 99°01′50″E / 27.848016°N 99.030555°E / 27.848016; 99.030555 (Lidi Dam) | 2019 | 420 | 1,753 | 75 | 346.4 | 75 | 3.7 | |
Luozhahe 2 | Luo Zha He | 24°29′13″N 100°24′08″E / 24.486867°N 100.402128°E / 24.486867; 100.402128 (Luozhahe 2 Dam) | 2017[butuh pemutakhiran] | 50 | 225 | 71 | 3,391 | |||
Miaowei | Mekong | 25°51′15″N 99°09′47″E / 25.854121°N 99.163155°E / 25.854121; 99.163155 (Miaowei Dam) | 2017[butuh pemutakhiran][16] | 1,400 | 5,999 | 140 | 660 | |||
Wunonglong | Mekong | 27°55′57″N 98°56′00″E / 27.932554°N 98.9333°E / 27.932554; 98.9333 (Wunonglong Dam) | 2019 | 990 | 4,116 | 138 | 247 | 284 | ||
Ganlanba | Mekong | 21°50′38″N 100°56′17″E / 21.843867°N 100.937917°E / 21.843867; 100.937917 (Ganlanba Dam) | 2018[butuh pemutakhiran][17] | 155 | 1,177 | 60.5 | 458 | 577 | 58 | |
Don Sahong | Mekong | 13°57′22″N 105°57′51″E / 13.956223°N 105.964247°E / 13.956223; 105.964247 (Don Sahong Dam) | 2019 | 240[18] | 2,000 | 25 | 6,800 | 25 | 2.2 | |
Houay Por | Houay Pore | 15°32′44″N 106°15′24″E / 15.545605°N 106.256763°E / 15.545605; 106.256763 (Houay Por Dam) | unknown[butuh pemutakhiran] | 15 | 60 | 6 | 0.76 | |||
Nam Bi 1 | Nam Bi | 15°14′08″N 107°30′57″E / 15.23565°N 107.515959°E / 15.23565; 107.515959 (Nam Bi 1 Dam) | 2021 | 50 | 210 | 25 | 84 | 3 | 0.0273 | |
Nam Bi 2 | Nam Bi | 15°12′44″N 107°32′27″E / 15.212256°N 107.540761°E / 15.212256; 107.540761 (Nam Bi 2 Dam) | 2021 | 68 | 288.5 | 47.5 | 182.5 | 10 | 0.64 | |
Nam Chian 1 | Nam Ngiep | 19°08′43″N 103°33′26″E / 19.145395°N 103.557259°E / 19.145395; 103.557259 (Nam Chian 1 Dam) | 2017[butuh pemutakhiran] | 104 | 448 | 69 | 367 | |||
Nam Kong 2 | Nam Kong | 14°29′41″N 106°51′24″E / 14.494672°N 106.856669°E / 14.494672; 106.856669 (Nam Kong Dam 2) | 2021 | 66 | 264 | 50 | 210 | 71.4 | 4.2 | |
Nam Kong 3 | Nam Kong | 14°33′59″N 106°54′45″E / 14.566338°N 106.912551°E / 14.566338; 106.912551 (Nam Kong 3 Dam) | 2017[butuh pemutakhiran] | 45 | 170 | 50.5 | ||||
Nam Ngiep 1 | Nam Ngiep | 18°38′45″N 103°33′06″E / 18.6458578°N 103.5516582°E / 18.6458578; 103.5516582 (Nam Ngiep 1 Dam) | 2019 | 272 | 1,546 | 167 | 530 | 1,192 | 67 | |
Nam Ngiep 2C | Nam Ngiep | 19°12′48″N 103°21′28″E / 19.21347°N 103.357806°E / 19.21347; 103.357806 (Nam Ngiep 2C Dam) | 2020 | 45 | 230 | |||||
Nam Ngiep (Downstream) | Nam Ngiep | 18°38′51″N 103°31′00″E / 18.64747°N 103.516607°E / 18.64747; 103.516607 (Nam Ngiep (Downstream) Dam) | 2019 | 18 | 105 | 20 | 90 | 4.6 | 1.27 | |
Nam Ngum 1 Extension | Nam Ngum | 18°31′40″N 102°31′51″E / 18.527772°N 102.530765°E / 18.527772; 102.530765 (Nam Ngum Extension Dam) | 2017[butuh pemutakhiran] | 120 | ||||||
Nam Ou 1 | Nam Ou | 20°05′18″N 102°15′55″E / 20.0883°N 102.265379°E / 20.0883; 102.265379 (Nam Ou 1 Dam) | 2020 | 160 | 710 | 65 | 442 | 89.1 | 9.56 | |
Nam Ou 3 | Nam Ou | 20°41′43″N 102°39′55″E / 20.695251°N 102.665404°E / 20.695251; 102.665404 (Nam Ou 2 Dam) | 2020 | 150 | 685 | 72 | 340 | 168.6 | 13.26 | |
Nam Ou 4 | Nam Ou | 21°07′13″N 102°29′39″E / 21.120153°N 102.494173°E / 21.120153; 102.494173 (Nam Ou 4 Dam) | 2020 | 116 | 524 | 47 | 300 | 124 | 9.37 | |
Nam Ou 7 | Nam Ou | 22°04′40″N 102°15′52″E / 22.07779°N 102.264436°E / 22.07779; 102.264436 (Nam Ou 7 Dam) | 2020 | 190 | 811 | 147 | 825 | 1,494 | 38.16 | |
Nam Pha Gnai | Nam Pha Gnai | 19°00′48″N 102°15′52″E / 19.013318°N 102.264436°E / 19.013318; 102.264436 (Nam Pha Gnai Dam) | 2016[butuh pemutakhiran] | 19.2 | 130 | 1.5 | ||||
Nam San 3A | Nam San | 19°07′45″N 103°39′47″E / 19.129054°N 103.663052°E / 19.129054; 103.663052 (Nam San 3A Dam) | unknown[butuh pemutakhiran] | 69 | 278.4 | 75 | 350 | 123 | 8.5 | |
Nam Tha 1 | Nam Tha | 20°14′58″N 100°53′33″E / 20.249467°N 100.892433°E / 20.249467; 100.892433 (Nam Tha 1 Dam) | 2018 | 168 | 759.4 | 93.7 | 349.2 | 1,755 | ||
Xayaburi | Mekong | 19°15′14″N 101°48′49″E / 19.254006°N 101.813699°E / 19.254006; 101.813699 (Xayaburi Dam) | 2019 | 1,285 | 6,035 | 48 | 810 | 1,300 | 49 | |
Xekaman-Sanxay | Xe Kaman | 14°53′27″N 107°07′10″E / 14.890823°N 107.119451°E / 14.890823; 107.119451 (Xekaman-Sanxay Dam) | 2017[butuh pemutakhiran] | 32 | 123 | 28 | 180 | |||
Xepian-Xenamnoy | Xepian/Xenamnoy | 14°56′47″N 106°37′39″E / 14.946382°N 106.627369°E / 14.946382; 106.627369 (Xepian-Xenamnoy Dam) | 2018 | 410 | 1,880 | 75.5 | 1,778 | 1,092 | 50 | |
Xeset 3 | Xe Don | 15°20′32″N 106°18′40″E / 15.342113°N 106.31115°E / 15.342113; 106.31115 (Xeset 3 Dam) | 2020 | 20 | 74 | |||||
Battambang 1 | Sangker | 12°48′17″N 102°54′44″E / 12.804805°N 102.912094°E / 12.804805; 102.912094 (Battambang 1 Dam) | 2017[butuh pemutakhiran] | 24 | 123 | 49.5 | 4,200 | |||
Lower Sesan 2 | Sesan | 13°33′05″N 106°15′50″E / 13.551408°N 106.263841°E / 13.551408; 106.263841 (Lower Sesan 2 Dam) | 2018 | 400 | 2,312 | 45 | 7,729 | 1,790 | 335 |
Infrastruktur pembangkit listrik yang direncanakan
CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems, pihak yang mengawasi perkembangan bendungan di Daerah Mekong, membedakan bendungan yang "direncanakan" dan "diusulkan". Bendungan yang direncanakan berarti proses perizinan dan birokrasi telah berjalan, sementara bendungan yang diusulkan belum mencapai hal tersebut.
Tabel 3: Infrastruktur pembangkit listrik yang direncanakan untuk dibangun di Daerah Aliran Sungai Mekong[15]
Negara | Jumlah bendungan yang direncanakan | Jumlah bendungan yang diusulkan |
---|---|---|
Kamboja | 12 | 0 |
Tiongkok | 11 | 2 |
Laos | 43 | 20 |
Myanmar | 7 | 0 |
Thailand | 7 | 0 |
Vietnam | 1 | 1 |
Total | 74 | 23 |
Bendungan di aliran utama sungai
Tabel 4: Bendungan di aliran utama Sungai Mekong[19]
Proyek | Negara | Sungai | Lokasi | Target pengoperasian | Kapasitas yang tersedia (MW) | Rata-Rata Energi Tahunan (GWh) | Tinggi (m) | Panjang struktur (m) | Total kapasitas air (juta m3) | Luas reservoir maksimum (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ban Kum | 15°25′04″N 105°35′15″E / 15.417881°N 105.587364°E / 15.417881; 105.587364 (Ban Kum Dam) | 2030 | 1,872 | 8,434 | 53 | 780 | 132.5 | |||
Dongzhong | 31°52′22″N 96°59′24″E / 31.872777°N 96.99°E / 31.872777; 96.99 (Dongzhong Dam) | Diusulkan. COD tidak diketahui. | 108 | 41.2 | ||||||
Gushui | 28°36′31″N 98°44′46″E / 28.608683°N 98.746133°E / 28.608683; 98.746133 (Gushui Dam) | COD tidak diketahui. | 2,600 | 8,337 | 310 | 540 | 3,912 | |||
Guxue | 29°10′59″N 98°36′24″E / 29.18295°N 98.6067°E / 29.18295; 98.6067 (Guxue Dam) | Diusulkan. COD tidak diketahui. | 1,700 | 7,816 | 229 | 599 | 7,752 | |||
Kagong | 30°37′21″N 97°26′40″E / 30.622567°N 97.444417°E / 30.622567; 97.444417 (Kagong Dam) | Diusulkan. COD tidak diketahui. | 240 | 1,264 | 97 | 237 | 81.4 | |||
Latsua | 15°19′53″N 105°34′58″E / 15.33146°N 105.582803°E / 15.33146; 105.582803 (Latsua Dam) | 2023 | 800 | 3,504 | 22 | 1,300 | 13 | |||
Lin Chang | 31°10′49″N 97°11′07″E / 31.1804°N 97.1852°E / 31.1804; 97.1852 (Lin Chang Dam) | Diusulkan. COD tidak diketahui. | 72 | 362 | 38 | 9 | ||||
Luangprabang | 20°04′00″N 102°11′32″E / 20.06663°N 102.192339°E / 20.06663; 102.192339 (Luangprabang) | 2030 | 1,200 | 6,500 | 57.5 | 318 | 1,589.5 | 72.4 | ||
Pak Beng | 19°50′38″N 101°00′59″E / 19.843927°N 101.016502°E / 19.843927; 101.016502 (Pak Beng Dam) | 2022 | 912 | 4,846 | 85 | 943 | 87 | |||
Pak Lay | 18°19′39″N 101°31′50″E / 18.327581°N 101.530575°E / 18.327581; 101.530575 (Pak Lay Dam) | 2030 | 1,320 | 4,252 | 35 | 630 | 108 | |||
Ru Mei | 29°39′00″N 98°20′52″E / 29.649933°N 98.3477°E / 29.649933; 98.3477 (Ru Mei Dam) | Diusulkan. COD tidak diketahui. | 2,100 | 10,582 | 315 | 724 | 3,602 | |||
Sambor | 12°47′13″N 105°56′19″E / 12.786849°N 105.938582°E / 12.786849; 105.938582 (Sambor Dam) | setelah 2020[butuh pemutakhiran] | 2,600 | 11,749 | 56 | 18,002 | 3,794 | 620 | ||
Sanakham | 17°49′45″N 101°33′25″E / 17.829183°N 101.556969°E / 17.829183; 101.556969 (Sanakham Dam) | 2024 | 700 | 5,015 | 25 | 1,144 | 81 | |||
Santhong-Pakchom | 18°12′04″N 102°03′02″E / 18.201038°N 102.050588°E / 18.201038; 102.050588 (Santhong-Pakchom Dam) | Diusulkan. COD tidak diketahui. | 1,079 | 5,052 | 55 | 1,200 | 80.3 | |||
Stung Treng | 13°18′09″N 105°14′44″E / 13.302404°N 105.245516°E / 13.302404; 105.245516 (Stung Treng Dam) | Diusulkan. COD tidak diketahui. | 980 | 4,870 | 22 | 10,884 | 70 (active) | 211 | ||
Yue Long | 30°52′05″N 97°20′50″E / 30.868008°N 97.347124°E / 30.868008; 97.347124 (Yue Long Dam) | Diusulkan. COD tidak diketahui. | 129 | 644 | 60.7 | 377 |
COD = Tanggal Pengoperasian Komersial (Commercial Operating Date).
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2022-09-09). "Sungai Mekong Terdapat di Negara Apa? Halaman all". KOMPAS.com. Diakses tanggal 2022-12-12.
- ^ "Mekong Mainstream Dams". International Rivers. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-09.
- ^ a b Mekong River Commission (2010). "State of the Basin Report, 2010" (PDF). MRC, Vientiane, Laos.
- ^ J. Dore; Y. Xiaogang; K. Yuk-shing (2007). "China's energy reforms and hydropower expansion in Yunnan". Dalam L. Lebel; J. Dore; R. Daniel; Y.S. Koma. Democratizing Water Governance in the Mekong Region. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. hlm. 55–92. ISBN 978-9749511251.
- ^ Mekong River Commission (2005). "Overview of the Hydrology of the Mekong Basin" (PDF). MRC, Vientiane, Laos. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-07-13. Diakses tanggal 2021-07-28.
- ^ CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. "CPWF Mekong". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 28, 2012. Diakses tanggal May 19, 2012. Parameter
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yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan) - ^ "Cambodian Villagers Petition Chinese Embassy to Scrap Dam Projects". Radio Free Asia (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-09-09.
- ^ Nijhuis, Michelle. "Harnessing the Mekong or Killing It?". National Geographic. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-09.
- ^ "Thousands Call for Regional Governments to Save the Mekong". International Rivers. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-09.
- ^ "Neighbors on Alert as China Releases Deluge of Water from Mekong Dam". Radio Free Asia (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-09-09.
- ^ "'I Will Lose My Identity': Cambodian Villagers Face Displacement By Mekong Dam". NPR.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-09-09.
- ^ "A Dangerous Trajectory for the Mekong River". International Rivers. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-09.
- ^ Yeophantong, Pichamon. "China's Lancang Dam Cascade and Transnational Activism in the Mekong Region: Who's Got the Power?". Asian Survey. 54 (4): 700–24. doi:10.1525/as.2014.54.4.700.
- ^ "Kamboja: Membalik arah pembangunan bendungan – Indo-Pacific Defense Forum". Diakses tanggal 2022-12-12.
- ^ a b c "WLE, 2016. Dataset on the Dams of the Irrawaddy, Mekong, Red and Salween River Basins. Vientiane, Lao PDR: CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems - Greater Mekong". CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (Greater Mekong). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2018-04-04.
- ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-11-01/a-waterfight-like-no-other-may-be-brewing-over-asia-s-rivers
- ^ https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/mekong_mainstream_damsupdate_2017_english.pdf
- ^ Intralawan, Apisom; Wood, David; Frankel, Richard (March 2017). "Economic Evaluation of Hydropower Projects in the Lower Mekong Basin" (PDF). Mekong River Commission (MRC). hlm. 10. Diakses tanggal 21 July 2019.
- ^ "WLE, 2016. Dataset on the Dams of the Irrawaddy, Mekong, Red and Salween River Basins. Vientiane, Lao PDR: CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems - Greater Mekong". CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (Greater Mekong). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2018-04-04.
Pranala luar
Peta koordinat semua menggunakan: OpenStreetMap |
Unduh koordinat sebagai: KML |
- 3S Rivers Protection Network Diarsipkan 2013-12-24 di Wayback Machine.
- Australian Mekong Resource Centre
- Cambodia National Mekong Committee
- Department of Energy Business (DEB), Ministry of Energy and Mines (Lao PDR) Diarsipkan 2021-07-28 di Wayback Machine.
- Department of Water Resources (Thailand)
- Electricité du Laos Diarsipkan 2010-11-22 di Wayback Machine.
- Electricity Authority of Cambodia
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand Diarsipkan 2018-01-26 di Wayback Machine.
- Fisheries Action Coalition Team (Cambodia)
- GMS Academic and Research Network
- Greater Mekong Sub-region
- Greater Mekong Subregion Environment Operations Center
- Greater Mekong Sub-region Social Studies Center -
- International Rivers
- Lao National Mekong Committee
- Living River Siam
- Mekong Basin Research Network
- Mekong Environment and Resource Institute Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine.
- MekongInfo Diarsipkan 2011-01-09 di Wayback Machine.
- Mekong Institute
- Mekong Program on Water, Environment and Resilience Diarsipkan 2021-07-25 di Wayback Machine.
- Mekong River Commission
- Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use Programme Diarsipkan 2011-07-27 di Wayback Machine.
- Theun-Hinboun Power Company
- Nam Theun 2
- Probe International Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine.
- Save the Mekong Campaign
- Stimson Institute Mekong Policy Project Diarsipkan 2009-03-07 di Wayback Machine.
- Sustainable Mekong Research Network (SUMERNET)
- TERRA
- Thailand National Mekong Committee Diarsipkan 2019-11-22 di Wayback Machine.
- Vietnam Electricity
- Vietnam National Mekong Committee
- WWF Greater Mekong Programme