Pemboikotan bus Montgomery

Bagian dari Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika

Rosa Parks saat sidik jarinya diambil oleh Deputi Sheriff D.H. Lackey setelah penangkapannya karena memboikot transportasi umum

Tanggal

05 Desember 1955 (1955-12-05) – 20 Desember 1956 (1956-12-20)

Lokasi

Montgomery, Alabama, A.S.

Sebab

Penerapan pemisahan ras di moda transportasi umum
Keberhasilan Boikot bus Baton Rouge selama enam hari
Claudette Colvin ditangkap
Rosa Parks ditangkap

Hasil

Browder v. Gayle (1956)
Munculnya Martin Luther King Jr.
Menginspirasi Pemboikotan bus Tallahassee
Terbentuknya Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Pihak terlibat

Women's Political Council (WPC)
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

Komisi Kota Montgomery

National City Lines

Garis Kota Montgomery

Montgomery Citizens Council

Tokoh utama

Anggota WPC

Jo Ann Robinson

Anggota MIA

Martin Luther King Jr.
E.D. Nixon
Rosa Parks
Fred Gray

Komisi Kota

W. A. Gayle, Presiden Komisi (walikota)
Frank Parks, Komisaris
Penjual Clyde, Komisaris Polisi

Garis Kota Nasional

Kenneth E. Totten, wakil presiden

Garis Kota Montgomery

J.H. Bagley, manajer
Jack Crenshaw, pengacara
James F. Blake, sopir bus

Pemboikotan bus Montgomery adalah sebuah kampanye politik dan sosial menentang kebijakan segregasi ras pada sistem angkutan umum di Montgomery, Alabama. Hal ini merupakan peristiwa awal dalam berlangsungnya gerakan hak-hak sipil di Amerika Serikat. Kampanye tersebut berlangsung dari 5 Desember 1955—hari Senin setelah Rosa Parks, seorang wanita Afrika-Amerika, ditangkap karena penolakannya untuk menyerahkan kursinya kepada orang kulit putih—berakhir 20 Desember 1956, ketika keputusan federal Browder v. Gayle mulai berlaku, menghasilkan keputusan Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat yang menyatakan undang-undang Alabama dan Montgomery bahwa bus terpisah tidak konstitusional.^[1]^[2]

Referensi

^ "Montgomery Bus Boycott". Civil Rights Movement Archive.
^ Gallagher, Charles A.; Lippard, Cameron D., ed. (2014). Race and Racism in the United States: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 807. ISBN 9781440803468.

Daftar pustaka

Berg, Allison, "Trauma and Testimony in Black Women's Civil Rights Memoirs: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, Warriors Don't Cry, and From the Mississippi ContributionsDelta", Journal of Women's History, 21 (Fall 2009), 84–107.
Branch, Taylor. Parting The Waters: America In The King Years, 1954-63 (1988; New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1989). ISBN 0-671-68742-5
Carson, Clayborne, et al., editors, Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader: documents, speeches, and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle (New York:Penguin Books, 1991). ISBN 0-14-015403-5
Freedman, Russell, "Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott"
Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. (1986) ISBN 0-394-75623-1
Garrow, David J., editor, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1987). ISBN 0-87049-527-5
King, Martin Luther, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom. ISBN 0-06-250490-8
Morris, Aldon D., The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing For Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984). ISBN 0-02-922130-7
Parks, Rosa (1992). My Story. New York: Dial Books.
Raines, Howell, My Soul Is Rested: The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South. ISBN 0-14-006753-1
Robnett, Belinda. How Long? How Long?: African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. Oxford University Press. (1997) ISBN 978-0195114904
Thornton III, J. Mills. "Challenge and Response in the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955–1956." Alabama Review 67.1 (2014): 40–112.
Thornton III, J. Mills. Dividing Lines: Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma (2002) excerpt
Walsh, Frank, Landmark Events in American History: The Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Williams, Juan, Eyes on The Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Penguin Books, 1988). ISBN 0-14-009653-1

Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Alabama Civil Rights Collection - Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists, at Penn State University, includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery Bus Boycott article, Encyclopedia of Alabama Diarsipkan 2013-05-14 di Wayback Machine.
Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott
Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Includes cross-referenced text, historical documents and streaming audio, presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University
The Montgomery Bus Boycott - African-American History
Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
Learning From Rosa Parks, The Indypendent
Montgomery Bus Boycott - Presented by the Montgomery Advertiser Diarsipkan December 13, 2012, di Wayback Machine.
Civil Rights Era Mug Shots, Montgomery County Sheriff's Office, Alabama Department of Archives & History
Martin Luther King and the "Montgomery Story" Comic Book - 1956
Montgomery Bus Boycott Documents Online collection of original boycott documents and articles by participants ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive.
Montgomery Bus Boycott, Civil Rights Digital Library.
The Boycott, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks.

Gerakan hak sipil (1950-an dan 1960-an)

Peristiwa
penting
(garis waktu)

Sebleum 1954	Journey of Reconciliation Pembunuhan Harry dan Harriette Moore
1954–1959	Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America, Inc. Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Boikot bus Montgomery Browder v. Gayle Boikot bus Tallahassee Desegregasi sekolah Mansfield Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 1957 "Give Us the Ballot" Mogok duduk Royal Ice Cream Little Rock Nine blokade Garda Nasional Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kasus Penciuman Masuk paksa Biloxi
1960–1963	Mogok duduk Greensboro Mogok duduk Nashville Gerakan mogok duduk Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Mogok duduk Rock Hill Pidato Hari Hukum Robert F. Kennedy Freedom Rides serangan Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement Mogok duduk Universitas Chicago "Second Emancipation Proclamation" penerimaan Meredith, kerusuhan Ole Miss "Segregation now, segregation forever" Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Kampanye Birmingham 1963 Letter from Birmingham Jail Children's Crusade kerusuhan Birmingham pengeboman 16th Street Baptist Church John F. Kennedy's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington "I Have a Dream" Big Six Gerakan St. Augustine
1964–1968	Amendemen ke-24 Selasa Berdarah Freedom Summer pembunuhan pekerja Civil Rights Act of 1964 Pawai Selma ke Montgomery 1965 "How Long, Not Long" Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement/Gerakan rumah terbuka Chicago Mogok sanitasi Memphis Pembunuhan King pemakaman kerusuhan Poor People's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Fair Housing Act Green v. County School Board of New Kent County

Kelompok
aktivis

Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
Atlanta Student Movement
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
Council of Federated Organizations
Dallas County Voters League
Deacons for Defense and Justice
Georgia Council on Human Relations
Highlander Folk School
Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
Lowndes County Freedom Organization
Montgomery Improvement Association
Nashville Student Movement
NAACP
- Youth Council
Northern Student Movement
National Council of Negro Women
National Urban League
Operation Breadbasket
Regional Council of Negro Leadership
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Southern Regional Council
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
The Freedom Singers
Wednesdays in Mississippi
Women's Political Council

Aktivis

Ralph Abernathy
Victoria Gray Adams
Zev Aelony
Mathew Ahmann
Muhammad Ali
William G. Anderson
Gwendolyn Armstrong
Arnold Aronson
Ella Baker
James Baldwin
Marion Barry
Daisy Bates
Harry Belafonte
James Bevel
Claude Black
Gloria Blackwell
Randolph Blackwell
Unita Blackwell
Ezell Blair Jr.
Joanne Bland
Julian Bond
Joseph E. Boone
William Holmes Borders
Amelia Boynton
Bruce Boynton
Raylawni Branch
Stanley Branche
Ruby Bridges
Aurelia Browder
H. Rap Brown
Ralph Bunche
Guy Carawan
Stokely Carmichael
Johnnie Carr
James Chaney
J. L. Chestnut
Shirley Chisholm
Colia Lafayette Clark
Ramsey Clark
Septima Clark
Xernona Clayton
Eldridge Cleaver
Kathleen Cleaver
Charles E. Cobb Jr.
Annie Lee Cooper
Dorothy Cotton
Claudette Colvin
Vernon Dahmer
Jonathan Daniels
Abraham Lincoln Davis
Angela Davis
Joseph DeLaine
Dave Dennis
Annie Devine
Patricia Stephens Due
Joseph Ellwanger
Charles Evers
Medgar Evers
Myrlie Evers-Williams
Chuck Fager
James Farmer
Walter Fauntroy
James Forman
Marie Foster
Golden Frinks
Andrew Goodman
Robert Graetz
Fred Gray
Jack Greenberg
Dick Gregory
Lawrence Guyot
Prathia Hall
Fannie Lou Hamer
Fred Hampton
William E. Harbour
Vincent Harding
Dorothy Height
Lola Hendricks
Aaron Henry
Oliver Hill
Donald L. Hollowell
James Hood
Myles Horton
Zilphia Horton
T. R. M. Howard
Ruby Hurley
Cecil Ivory
Jesse Jackson
Jimmie Lee Jackson
Richie Jean Jackson
T. J. Jemison
Esau Jenkins
Barbara Rose Johns
Vernon Johns
Frank Minis Johnson
Clarence Jones
J. Charles Jones
Matthew Jones
Vernon Jordan
Tom Kahn
Clyde Kennard
A. D. King
C.B. King
Coretta Scott King
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Sr.
Bernard Lafayette
James Lawson
Bernard Lee
Sanford R. Leigh
Jim Letherer
Stanley Levison
John Lewis
Viola Liuzzo
Z. Alexander Looby
Joseph Lowery
Clara Luper
Danny Lyon
Malcolm X
Mae Mallory
Vivian Malone
Bob Mants
Thurgood Marshall
Benjamin Mays
Franklin McCain
Charles McDew
Ralph McGill
Floyd McKissick
Joseph McNeil
James Meredith
William Ming
Jack Minnis
Amzie Moore
Cecil B. Moore
Douglas E. Moore
Harriette Moore
Harry T. Moore
Queen Mother Moore
William Lewis Moore
Irene Morgan
Bob Moses
William Moyer
Elijah Muhammad
Diane Nash
Charles Neblett
Huey P. Newton
Edgar Nixon
Jack O'Dell
James Orange
Rosa Parks
James Peck
Charles Person
Homer Plessy
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
Fay Bellamy Powell
Rodney N. Powell
Al Raby
Lincoln Ragsdale
A. Philip Randolph
George Raymond
George Raymond Jr.
Bernice Johnson Reagon
Cordell Reagon
James Reeb
Frederick D. Reese
Walter Reuther
Gloria Richardson
David Richmond
Bernice Robinson
Jo Ann Robinson
Angela Russell
Bayard Rustin
Bernie Sanders
Michael Schwerner
Bobby Seale
Cleveland Sellers
Charles Sherrod
Alexander D. Shimkin
Fred Shuttlesworth
Modjeska Monteith Simkins
Glenn E. Smiley
A. Maceo Smith
Kelly Miller Smith
Mary Louise Smith
Maxine Smith
Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
Charles Kenzie Steele
Hank Thomas
Dorothy Tillman
A. P. Tureaud
Hartman Turnbow
Albert Turner
C. T. Vivian
Wyatt Tee Walker
Hollis Watkins
Walter Francis White
Roy Wilkins
Hosea Williams
Kale Williams
Robert F. Williams
Andrew Young
Whitney Young
Sammy Younge Jr.
Bob Zellner
James Zwerg

Pengaruh

Terkait

Hukum Jim Crow
Penggantungan di Amerika Serikat
Plessy v. Ferguson
- Terpisah namun setara
Buchanan v. Warley
Hocutt v. Wilson
Sweatt v. Painter
Hernandez v. Texas
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
Katzenbach v. McClung
Loving v. Virginia
Fifth Circuit Four
Brown Chapel
Holt Street Baptist Church
Edmund Pettus Bridge
March on Washington Movement
Penyerangan gereja Afrika-Amerika
Daftar korban penggantungan di Amerika Serikat
Freedom Songs
- "Kumbaya"
- "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
- "Oh, Freedom"
- "This Little Light of Mine"
- "We Shall Not Be Moved"
- "We Shall Overcome"
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
- "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence"
Kerusuhan Watts
Voter Education Project
Kontrabudaya 1960-an
Eyes on the Prize