Raqqa

Rujukan

Bacaan lanjut

• Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2006). Raqqa revisited: ceramics of Ayyubid Syria. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 1588391841. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 November 2015. Dicapai pada 29 Ogos 2024.
• Mango, Marlia M. (1991). "Kallinikos". Dalam Kazhdan, Alexander (penyunting). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 1094. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
• Meinecke, Michael (1991). "Raqqa on the Euphrates. Recent Excavations at the Residence of Harun er-Rashid". Dalam Kerner, Susanne (penyunting). The Near East in Antiquity. German Contributions to the Archaeology of Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt II. Amman. m/s. 17–32.
• Meinecke, Michael (1991) [1412 AH]. "Early Abbasid Stucco Decoration in Bilad al-Sham". Dalam Muhammad Adnan al-Bakhit – Robert Schick (penyunting). Bilad al-Sham During the 'Abbasid Period (132 AH/750 AD  – 451 AH/1059 AD). Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference for the History of the Bilad al-Sham 7–11 Sha'ban 1410 AH/4–8 March 1990, English and French Section. Amman. m/s. 226–237.
• Meinecke, Michael (1995). "al-Raḳḳa". Archived copy. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden and New York: BRILL. m/s. 410–414. ISBN 90-04-09834-8. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 Disember 2014. Dicapai pada 29 Ogos 2024.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
• Meinecke, Michael (1996). "Forced Labor in Early Islamic Architecture: The Case of ar-Raqqa/ar-Rafiqa on the Euphrates". Patterns and Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture. Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists. New York, London. m/s. 5–30. ISBN 0-8147-5492-9.
• Meinecke, Michael (1996). "Ar-Raqqa am Euphrat: Imperiale und religiöse Strukturen der islamischen Stadt". Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (128): 157–172.
• Heidemann, Stefan (2002). "Die Renaissance der Städte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien. Städtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und Harran von der Zeit der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken". Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts. Leiden: Brill (40).
• Ababsa, Myriam (2002). "Les mausolées invisibles: Raqqa, ville de pèlerinage ou pôle étatique en Jazîra syrienne?". Annales de Géographie. 622: 647–664.
• Stefan Heidemann – Andrea Becker (edd.) (2003). Raqqa II – Die islamische Stadt. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
• Daiber, Verena; Becker, Andrea, penyunting (2004). Raqqa III – Baudenkmäler und Paläste I, Mainz. Philipp von Zabern.
• Heidemann, Stefan (2005). "The Citadel of al-Raqqa and Fortifications in the Middle Euphrates Area". Dalam Hugh Kennedy (penyunting). Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria. From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. History of Warfare. 35. Leiden. m/s. 122–150.
• Heidemann, Stefan (University of Jena) (2006). "The History of the Industrial and Commercial Area of 'Abbasid al-Raqqa Called al-Raqqa al-Muhtariqa" (PDF). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 69 (1): 32–52. doi:10.1017/s0041977x06000024. S2CID 162831514. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 9 Mei 2012.

Video

• "After the fall of ISIS caliphate, its capital remains a city of the dead". PBS NewsHour. 4 April 2019. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 November 2021.
• "An inside look at the former capital of ISIS". CBC News. 6 November 2017. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 November 2021.
• "Inside ISIS's Former Capital: The Forgotten People of Raqqa". The New York Times. 1 April 2019. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 November 2021.
• "Life Inside the ISIS Home Base of Raqqa, Syria". The Wall Street Journal. 15 September 2014. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 November 2021.

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