Arcabuco Formation
Arcabuco Formation | |
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Stratigraphic range: Tithonian-Berriasian ~145–142 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ | |
![]() Arcabuco Formation at the Sáchica rock shelter | |
Type | Geological formation |
Underlies | Rosablanca Fm., Cumbre Fm. |
Overlies | Girón Formation |
Thickness | 500–800 m (1,600–2,600 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Sandstone |
Other | Shale |
Location | |
Coordinates | 5°38′11″N 73°30′41″W / 5.63639°N 73.51139°W / 5.63639; -73.51139 |
Region | Altiplano Cundiboyacense Eastern Ranges, Andes |
Country | ![]() |
Type section | |
Named for | Arcabuco |
Named by | Scheibe |
Location | Arcabuco (original) Villa de Leyva (redefined) |
Year defined | 1938, 1985 |
Coordinates | 5°38′11″N 73°30′41″W / 5.63639°N 73.51139°W / 5.63639; -73.51139 |
Region | Boyacá |
Country | ![]() |
![]() Paleogeography of Northern South America 150 Ma, by Ron Blakey |
The Arcabuco Formation (Spanish: Formación Arcabuco, Jar, JKa) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of thick beds of light-coloured quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with occasional shales and dates to the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods; Tithonian to Berriasian epochs. Dinosaur footprints have been found in the Arcabuco Formation near the Iguaque anticlinal outside Chíquiza, Boyacá.
Etymology
The formation was first defined by Scheibe in 1938 and named after Arcabuco, Boyacá.[1] The type section of the Arcabuco Formation was redefined in 1985 by Galvis and Rubiano around Villa de Leyva.[2]
Description
Lithologies
The Arcabuco Formation is characterised by a sequence of light- to pink-coloured fine quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with red shales up to 50 metres (160 ft) in thickness intercalated.[1][3] In the Arcabuco Formation, in the Iguaque Anticlinal, dinosaur tracks have been found.[4] The overhanging rock shelter of Sáchica in Sáchica, Boyacá, consists of the sandstones of the Arcabuco Formation.
Stratigraphy and depositional environment
The 500 to 800 metres (1,600 to 2,600 ft) thick Arcabuco Formation unconformably overlies the Girón Formation and is overlain by the Rosablanca and Cumbre Formations.[5] The age has been estimated to be Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Guavio and La Naveta Formations of the eastern and southern Altiplano respectively.[1][6] The Arcabuco Formation has been deposited in a rift basin setting.[7]
Outcrops
![Arcabuco Formation is located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/250px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png)
![Arcabuco Formation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Green-blue_pog.svg/12px-Green-blue_pog.svg.png)
The Arcabuco Formation is found apart from its original type locality near Arcabuco, in the anticlinal of Lake Iguaque between Villa de Leyva, Sáchica and Chíquiza, where the formation has been redefined in the Arcabuco Anticlinal.[4][8]
Regional correlations
Age | Paleomap | VMM | Guaduas-Vélez | W Emerald Belt | Villeta anticlinal | Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco | Tunja- Duitama | Altiplano Cundiboyacense | El Cocuy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maastrichtian | ![]() | Umir | Córdoba | Seca | eroded | Guaduas | Colón-Mito Juan | ||||||
Umir | Guadalupe | ||||||||||||
Campanian | Córdoba | ||||||||||||
Oliní | |||||||||||||
Santonian | La Luna | Cimarrona - La Tabla | La Luna | ||||||||||
Coniacian | Oliní | Villeta | Conejo | Chipaque | |||||||||
Güagüaquí | Loma Gorda | undefined | La Frontera | ||||||||||
Turonian | ![]() | Hondita | La Frontera | Otanche | |||||||||
Cenomanian | Simití | hiatus | La Corona | Simijaca | Capacho | ||||||||
Pacho Fm. | Hiló - Pacho | Churuvita | Une | Aguardiente | |||||||||
Albian | ![]() | Hiló | Chiquinquirá | Tibasosa | Une | ||||||||
Tablazo | Tablazo | Capotes - La Palma - Simití | Simití | Tibú-Mercedes | |||||||||
Aptian | Capotes | Socotá - El Peñón | Paja | Fómeque | |||||||||
Paja | Paja | El Peñón | Trincheras | Río Negro | |||||||||
La Naveta | |||||||||||||
Barremian | ![]() | ||||||||||||
Hauterivian | Muzo | Cáqueza | Las Juntas | ||||||||||
Rosablanca | Ritoque | ||||||||||||
Valanginian | Ritoque | Furatena | Útica - Murca | Rosablanca | hiatus | Macanal | |||||||
Rosablanca | |||||||||||||
Berriasian | ![]() | Cumbre | Cumbre | Los Medios | Guavio | ||||||||
Tambor | Arcabuco | Cumbre | |||||||||||
Sources |
Ma | Age | Paleomap | Regional events | Catatumbo | Cordillera | proximal Llanos | distal Llanos | Putumayo | VSM | Environments | Maximum thickness | Petroleum geology | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | Holocene | ![]() | Holocene volcanism Seismic activity | alluvium | Overburden | ||||||||
1 | Pleistocene | ![]() | Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations | Guayabo | Soatá Sabana | Necesidad | Guayabo | Gigante Neiva | Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) | 550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo) | [9][10][11][12] | ||
2.6 | Pliocene | ![]() | Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI | Subachoque | |||||||||
5.3 | Messinian | Andean orogeny 3 Foreland | Marichuela | Caimán | Honda | [11][13] | |||||||
13.5 | Langhian | Regional flooding | León | hiatus | Caja | León | Lacustrine (León) | 400 m (1,300 ft) (León) | Seal | [12][14] | |||
16.2 | Burdigalian | Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2 | C1 | Carbonera C1 | Ospina | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Reservoir | [13][12] | ||||
17.3 | C2 | Carbonera C2 | Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) | Seal | |||||||||
19 | C3 | Carbonera C3 | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) | Reservoir | |||||||||
21 | Early Miocene | Pebas wetlands | C4 | Carbonera C4 | Barzalosa | Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) | Seal | ||||||
23 | Late Oligocene | ![]() | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | C5 | Carbonera C5 | Orito | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) | Reservoir | [10][13] | ||||
25 | C6 | Carbonera C6 | Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) | Seal | |||||||||
28 | Early Oligocene | C7 | C7 | Pepino | Gualanday | Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) | Reservoir | [10][13][15] | |||||
32 | Oligo-Eocene | C8 | Usme | C8 | onlap | Marine-deltaic (C8) | Seal Source | [15] | |||||
35 | Late Eocene | ![]() | Mirador | Mirador | Coastal (Mirador) | 240 m (790 ft) (Mirador) | Reservoir | [12][16] | |||||
40 | Middle Eocene | Regadera | hiatus | ||||||||||
45 | |||||||||||||
50 | Early Eocene | ![]() | Socha | Los Cuervos | Deltaic (Los Cuervos) | 260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos) | Seal Source | [12][16] | |||||
55 | Late Paleocene | PETM 2000 ppm CO2 | Los Cuervos | Bogotá | Gualanday | ||||||||
60 | Early Paleocene | SALMA | Barco | Guaduas | Barco | Rumiyaco | Fluvial (Barco) | 225 m (738 ft) (Barco) | Reservoir | [9][10][13][12][17] | |||
65 | Maastrichtian | ![]() | KT extinction | Catatumbo | Guadalupe | Monserrate | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) | Reservoir | [9][12] | |||
72 | Campanian | End of rifting | Colón-Mito Juan | [12][18] | |||||||||
83 | Santonian | Villeta/Güagüaquí | |||||||||||
86 | Coniacian | ||||||||||||
89 | Turonian | Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event | La Luna | Chipaque | Gachetá | hiatus | Restricted marine (all) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá) | Source | [9][12][19] | |||
93 | Cenomanian | ![]() | Rift 2 | ||||||||||
100 | Albian | Une | Une | Caballos | Deltaic (Une) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Une) | Reservoir | [13][19] | |||||
113 | Aptian | ![]() | Capacho | Fómeque | Motema | Yaví | Open marine (Fómeque) | 800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque) | Source (Fóm) | [10][12][20] | |||
125 | Barremian | High biodiversity | Aguardiente | Paja | Shallow to open marine (Paja) | 940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja) | Reservoir | [9] | |||||
129 | Hauterivian | ![]() | Rift 1 | Tibú- Mercedes | Las Juntas | hiatus | Deltaic (Las Juntas) | 910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas) | Reservoir (LJun) | [9] | |||
133 | Valanginian | Río Negro | Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca | Restricted marine (Macanal) | 2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal) | Source (Mac) | [10][21] | ||||||
140 | Berriasian | Girón | |||||||||||
145 | Tithonian | Break-up of Pangea | Jordán | Arcabuco | Buenavista Batá | Saldaña | Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) | 110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista) | "Jurassic" | [13][22] | |||
150 | Early-Mid Jurassic | ![]() | Passive margin 2 | La Quinta | Montebel Noreán | hiatus | Coastal tuff (La Quinta) | 100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta) | [23] | ||||
201 | Late Triassic | ![]() | Mucuchachi | Payandé | [13] | ||||||||
235 | Early Triassic | ![]() | Pangea | hiatus | "Paleozoic" | ||||||||
250 | Permian | ![]() | |||||||||||
300 | Late Carboniferous | ![]() | Famatinian orogeny | Cerro Neiva () | [24] | ||||||||
340 | Early Carboniferous | Fossil fish Romer's gap | Cuche (355-385) | Farallones () | Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) | 900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche) | |||||||
360 | Late Devonian | ![]() | Passive margin 1 | Río Cachirí (360-419) | Ambicá () | Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) | 2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones) | [21][25][26][27][28] | |||||
390 | Early Devonian | ![]() | High biodiversity | Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet | Shallow marine (Floresta) | 600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta) | |||||||
410 | Late Silurian | Silurian mystery | |||||||||||
425 | Early Silurian | hiatus | |||||||||||
440 | Late Ordovician | ![]() | Rich fauna in Bolivia | San Pedro (450-490) | Duda () | ||||||||
470 | Early Ordovician | First fossils | Busbanzá (>470±22) Chuscales Otengá | Guape () | Río Nevado () | Hígado () | [29][30][31] | ||||||
488 | Late Cambrian | ![]() | Regional intrusions | Chicamocha (490-515) | Quetame () | Ariarí () | SJ del Guaviare (490-590) | San Isidro () | [32][33] | ||||
515 | Early Cambrian | Cambrian explosion | [31][34] | ||||||||||
542 | Ediacaran | ![]() | Break-up of Rodinia | pre-Quetame | post-Parguaza | El Barro () | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | Basement | [35][36] | ||||
600 | Neoproterozoic | Cariri Velhos orogeny | Bucaramanga (600-1400) | pre-Guaviare | [32] | ||||||||
800 | ![]() | Snowball Earth | [37] | ||||||||||
1000 | Mesoproterozoic | ![]() | Sunsás orogeny | Ariarí (1000) | La Urraca (1030-1100) | [38][39][40][41] | |||||||
1300 | Rondônia-Juruá orogeny | pre-Ariarí | Parguaza (1300-1400) | Garzón (1180-1550) | [42] | ||||||||
1400 | ![]() | pre-Bucaramanga | [43] | ||||||||||
1600 | Paleoproterozoic | Maimachi (1500-1700) | pre-Garzón | [44] | |||||||||
1800 | ![]() | Tapajós orogeny | Mitú (1800) | [42][44] | |||||||||
1950 | Transamazonic orogeny | pre-Mitú | [42] | ||||||||||
2200 | Columbia | ||||||||||||
2530 | Archean | ![]() | Carajas-Imataca orogeny | [42] | |||||||||
3100 | Kenorland | ||||||||||||
Sources |
- Legend
- group
- important formation
- fossiliferous formation
- minor formation
- (age in Ma)
- proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
- distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]
See also
List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur tracks
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Notes
References
- ^ a b c Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.17
- ^ Galvis & Valencia, 2009, p.15
- ^ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.28
- ^ a b Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011
- ^ Rodríguez & Solano, 2000, p.29
- ^ Villamil, 2012, p.168
- ^ Villamil, 2012, p.163
- ^ Plancha 191, 1998
- ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
- ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
- ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
- ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
- ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
- ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
- ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
- ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
- ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
- ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
- ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
- ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
- ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
- ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
- ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
- ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
- ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
- ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
- ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
- ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
- ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
- ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
- ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
- ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
- ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
- ^ García González et al., 2009
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
- ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60
Bibliography
- Galvis Arenas, Beatriz Elena; Valencia Escobar, José Leonardo (2009), Contribución en la determinación de los posibles paleoambientes de las rocas Cretáceas Tempranas sobre la vía Tunja-Villa de Leyva (entre Alto del Arrayán - Peaje Sáchica) y sectores aledaños, departamento de Boyacá, Universidad de Caldas, pp. 1–127
- Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Gómez Cruz, Arley de Jesús; Gómez Tapias, Jorge (2012), "Reporte de huellas de dinsosaurios en el Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Iguaque, en cercanías de Chíquiza (Boyacá, Colombia)", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 33: _, retrieved 2017-05-02
- Rodríguez Parra, Antonio José; Solano Silva, Orlando (2000), Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–120
- Villamil, Tomas (2012), Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), pp. 161–216
Maps
- Beltrán, Alejandro; Lancheros, José Alfredo; López, Carolina; Chaquea, Claudia; Patiño, Alejandro; Guerra, Angela; Cabrera, Julio C.; Quintero, Claudia I.; Molano, Simón Emilio (2008), Plancha 134 - Puerto Parra - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- Angarita, Leonidas; Carrillo, Víctor; Castro, Alfonso; Daconte, Rommel; Niño, Mario; Pulido, Orlando G.; Rodríguez, J. Antonio; Royero, José María; Salinas, Carlos Ulloa and Rodrigo Vargas, Rosalba (2009), Plancha 135 - San Gil - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- Beltrán, Alejandro; Lancheros, José Alfredo; López, Carolina; Chaquea, Claudia; Patiño, Alejandro; Guerra, Angela; Cabrera, Julio C.; Quintero, Claudia I.; Molano, Simón Emilio (2008), Plancha 150 - Cimitarra - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- Pulido González, Orlando (2009), Plancha 151 - Charalá - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- Ulloa, Carlos E; Rodríguez, Erasmo (2009), Plancha 170 - Vélez - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- Renzoni, Giancarlo; Rosas, Humberto (2009), Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
- Renzoni, Giancarlo; Rosas, Humberto; Etayo Serna, Fernando (1998), Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
External links
- Gómez, J.; Montes, N.E.; Nivia, Á.; Diederix, H. (2015), Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, Servicio Geológico Colombiano, p. 1, retrieved 2017-03-16
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researchers
After 1900 | |
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19th century |
![Arcabuco Formation is located in Colombia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/180px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg)
![Bogotá Formation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png)
![Cerrejón Formation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png)
![Floresta Formation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Brown_pog.svg/8px-Brown_pog.svg.png)
![Hiló Formation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/8px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png)
![Valle Alto Formation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png)
![Paja Formation](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/8px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png)
![Honda Group](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cuvieronius.jpg/180px-Cuvieronius.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/180px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg)
fossiliferous
stratigraphic units
Pleistocene | |
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Neogene | |
Paleogene | |
Cretaceous | |
Jurassic |
|
Devonian |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Symbol_file_class.svg/16px-Symbol_file_class.svg.png)